Meisai

Author name: 1myazbak

ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืŸ-ื“ื•ืจ: ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ "ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื”" ืœื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ื– โ€“ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช

ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื”ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ "ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื™ื”" ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ื–, ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”. ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืชืจืฉืžืชื™ ืžื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ, ื”ืžืขื•ืจื” ื‘ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคืชื•, ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืžื™ืจื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืชื™ืœื™ ื”ืชื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื ื–ืงืงื™ื ืœื”ืŸ. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช, ืืš ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื• ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• "ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช" ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืฃ ืืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืืœ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืขืชื™ื“. ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช: ื‘ื™ืคื•, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืคืจื“ืก, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืื• ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื; ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื›ืจื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช; ื‘ื™ืคื•, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืคืจื“ืก, ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ืžืขืจื›ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”: ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื“ืก ืจืืฉื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ืื™ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืคืื”. ื”ื™ืฉื™ืฉื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืคืจื“ืก ืžื•ื“ื” ืœืื™ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ, ื”"ื—ืื›ื™ืžื”", ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ืคืื” ืื•ืชื”. ืื›ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ (ื›ืžืขื˜ 90%) ื”ื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ืจื‘ืข ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉื™ื. ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคืœื• ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘, ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื•ื ืฉืœื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื’ืœื•ืŸ. ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื” ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื” ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื, ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืคืจื“ืก, ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื. ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ (ื‘ืฉื ืช 1945) ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืคืจื“ืกื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืขืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืžืชืืจ ืžื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืฉื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืกื’ื“ ื—ืกืŸ ื‘ืง ื•ืกืžื˜ืื•ืช ืžื ืฉื™ื™ื”. ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ื– ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื• ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืงื“ืžื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ื”ืจืก ืฉืœ ื™ืคื• ื•ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื•ืจืง ื›ื•ื— ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฆืœื™ื— "ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ" ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชืืจื— ืœืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ื: "ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื•ืื ืืชื” ื ืงืœืข ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื• ื—ืฆืจ ื›ื–ื• ืืชื” ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืขืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขืฅ ื•ืงื•ืจื™ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžืชืืžืฆื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ื“ ืืชืžื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื• ื•ืฆื—ืงื•. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืฆืจ ื–ื• ืžืชื•ืงื ืช ื•ืฉื•ืงืงืช ื—ื™ื™ื". (ืขืž' 146) ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืฉื”, ืฉื”ืชืืœืžื ื” ืžื‘ืขืœื” ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื›ืจ ื›ื™: "ืžืŸ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื ืฉืงืคื• ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื‘ืฉื™-ืชืจื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืขื•ื ื“ื™-ื—ืจื‘, ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ืžื•ื–ื”ื‘". (ืขืž' 146) ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืืœืžื ื” ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ื™ื ื’ืจื” ื‘ื™ืคื•. ืื™ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืืœืžื ื”, ืืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ืจื” ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉื›ื•ืจื”. ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื” ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืื•ืชื” ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื” ื›"ืืžื™ื’ืจื ื˜ื™ื", ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ โ€“ ืืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—: "ืืžืจื” ื”ื™ืฉื™ืฉื”: "ืืชื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ, ืืžื™ื’ืจื ื˜ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืชืขืฉื• ื—ื™ืœ ื•ืชื‘ื ื• ืœื›ื ื‘ืชื™ื. ื—ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืชื ื•ื™ื“ื™ื›ื ืžื‘ื•ืจื›ื•ืช". (ืขืž' 146). ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืคืจื“ืก ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื”ื•ืชื. ืื‘ื™ ื”ื ืขืจื” ื ืื”ื™ื“ื”, ื ื›ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืงื ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื”: "ื—ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชืจื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช" – ืœื‘ื•ืฉื• ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืฉืžืจื ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช. ื“ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื ืื”ื™ื“ื”, ืื—ื™ ืื‘ื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืจื™ื "ืขื•ื˜ื” ื›ืืคื™ื™ื” ื•ืขื’ืœ" ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืžืจื“ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื. ืขื‘ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืŸ 18, ื ื•ืฉื ื ืฉืง (ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืจืง ืจื•ื‘ื” ืฆื™ื™ื“) ื•ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื ื”, ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ืงื•ืœื’' ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™. ื‘ื™ืžื™ "ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™" ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1936 โ€“ 1939 ื›ืคื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืœื—ื‘ื•ืฉ ื›ืืคื™ื™ื” ื•ืขื’ืœ. ื ืื”ื™ื“ื” ืœื‘ื•ืฉื” ืฉืžืœื” ืœื‘ื ื” ื•ืกืจื˜ ื•ืจื•ื“ ืœืจืืฉื”. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืืžื™ื“ื” ืื• ืจืžื– ืœืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืœื˜ื•ื”ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื”. ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืœืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื–ืจ ืœื•. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื™ื โ€“ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื ืืœืฆื• ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืขืงื‘ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื–ื ื•ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1929 โ€“ 1939 ืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ ื›ืจื‘ืข ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื”ื›ืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœ- 450,000 ื‘ืฉื ืช 1939. ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื–ืจ ืœืžืกืคืจ ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื”, ื”ืฆื•ืœื™ื ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ืกื•ื—ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื• ืขืฆื™ื ืžืžื—ืกืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ืœื ืงื ื™ืง. ื’ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืืœื• ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืืจืฅ- ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื™ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ืžืชืงืจื‘ ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ: "ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ืคื ื™ื ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื ื•ืœื ืœืžืœื—ืžื”". ื”ื™ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืืช ื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืจืืฉื• ื•ืžืฉื™ื‘ื”: "ื”ื›ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืื“ื. ืžื™ ืฉืคื ื™ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื, ื™ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ื" (ืขืž' 145). ื”ื™ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžืงืจื‘ืช ืืช ื ื›ื“ืชื” ื•ืžืฉื•ื—ื—ืช ืขื ืื™ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช. ื”ื ื›ื“ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื’ืžืช ืœืžืกืคืจ: "ืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืื ื™ ื•ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื•ื’" (ืขืž' 147). ื”ื ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืžืจืคืกืช ื•ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ื. ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื• ืฆื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ. ื ืื”ื™ื“ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื•ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื•. ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืžื’ื™ื‘: "ืื– ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื•ื’ ืขื“ ืฉืชื—ื“ืœื™ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ" (147). ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื”, ืžืชื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื”ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš. ืขื‘ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืจื™ื, ื“ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื ืื”ื™ื“ื”, ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืื ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘"ื”ื’ื ื”". ืขื‘ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืจื™ื ืžืจืื” ืœื ืื”ื™ื“ื” ื•ืœืžืกืคืจ ืจื•ื‘ื” ืฆื™ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืงื ื”. ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฆื™ืข ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื™ืขื” ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืคืจื“ืก. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช, ืฉืžืขื• ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ืขื‘ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืจื™ื ื ื”ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืืš ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื ืฉืžืขื• ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืขืžื, ื”ืจื”ืจ ื‘ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ืฉืืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•: "ืœืžื” ื‘ืืชื™ ื”ื ื”?" (148). ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ืจืช ื ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช. ืืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ, ื”ื™ืฉื™ืฉื” ื•ืื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ืื”ื™ื“ื” ืฆืคื• ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช. ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ืืš ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืขื ืชื‘ื•ืกืชื• ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ. ืื•ืœื ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื˜ืขื•. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ืชื—ืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื›ืœืœื™, ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” "ืžื™ ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ืืžืจื™ืงื”" โ€“ ื ื™ืฆื— ื”ืžืกืคืจ. ืžื•ืœ ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื›ืœืœื™, ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื ืฆื—ื•ื ื• ื”ืคื™ื–ื™, ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ื”. ืžื•ืœ ื”ืชืจืกืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ("ื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื•ืื ืฆื— ืื•ืชืš ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ื”" โ€“ ืขืž' 149) ื”ื˜ื™ื— ืขื‘ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืจื™ื: "ืื ืชื ืฆื—ื ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” … ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืจืข ืžืื•ื“. ื’ื ืœืš, ื ืื”ื™ื“ื”, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืจืข ืžืื•ื“. ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•" (149). ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ืžื‘ื™ืข ืขื‘ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืขื ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ื•ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื” ืฉื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™. ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื "ืขื“ ืงืฅ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช" ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืคืจื™ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื ื•ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืฆื— ืขืœ ื—ืจื‘ื. ืžืขืจื›ื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”: ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื›ืจื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ื‘ืงื™ืฅ, ื—ื™ืคืฉ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ืžืงื•ื ื ื•ืคืฉ. ื”ื•ื ื ืกืข ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืœื ืžืฆื ืžืงื•ื ืคื ื•ื™ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืกืข ืœืขื™ืŸ ื›ืจื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืฉื›ืจ ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•-ื ื™ืžืจ. ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืชืžื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื•ืื– ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืœื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืคืจื“ืก: "ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื“ืžืžื” ื‘ืงืขื• ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืœื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืคืจื“ืก: "ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื“ืžืžื” ื‘ืงืขื• ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืžืŸ ืžื˜ื•ื’ืŸ, ืขืœื™ ื ืขื ืข, ืงืคื” ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ืžื™ ืฉื•ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ื”ืœ" (ืขืž' 149) ื”ื•ื ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืคืจื“ืก ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื• ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื—ืฆืจ. ืืžื ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืคืจื“ืก ื•ื‘ืจื™ื›ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ืชืคืก ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœื’ื ื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื. ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื ื˜ืข ื•ืขืงืจ ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื™ื‘ื• ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ืŸ: "ื•ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืงื ื”ื’ืŸ ื•ืกื™ืคืจ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื•". ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื•ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืคืจื“ืก ืฉื‘ื• ื•ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื• ื•ืื– ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื—ื™ืคืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ-ื›ืจื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: "ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื”

ืขืจืŸ ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื•: ืขืœ ื”ืืกืœืื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืืœืœื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื

ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœื™ ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื“ืจืขื™ "ืืœืœื” ืืกืœืื: ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืกืœืื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”" ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ 10 ย ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื–ื” ืขื•ืจืจ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืจื‘ื”. ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ื•ืืฉืžื• ื‘ื”ืคื—ื“ื”, ื‘ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช, ื‘ืืกืœืืžื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื” ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืกื™ืœื•ืฃ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช. ื›ืชื‘ ืื—ื“ ื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืœื›ืช ื•ื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืงื ื™ ื”ืืกืœืื (ื•ื›ืืŸ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืžืื™). ื‘ืคื•ืกื˜ ื–ื” ืืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืื ื›ืŸ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ืกื“ืจื” ืขื“ ื›ื”, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”,ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื›ืจื— ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉื›ืœ, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ื•ืžืื•ื–ืŸ. (ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืกื˜ ื–ื”). ืืœืœื” ื™ื•ืกืชื•ืจ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœื™ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืืช ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ "ื”ืžืขืจื‘" ื•"ื”ืืกืœืื" (ื•ื‘ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืื ืกื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืคืฉื˜ื ื™ื™ื ืืœื”, ื•ืœืชื—ื ืื•ืชื). ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื‘ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื” ืืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื›ื–ื™ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื” ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ืกืœืคื™ื, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืืš ื–ืืช ื‘ืœื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืขืžืง ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื”. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื•ื ื’ืขื• ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื ืืฃ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื–ื ืช, ืื•ืœื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื”, ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœื™ ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžืžื“ ืฆืจ ื•ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื ื”ืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื•ืžืขืžื™ืง. ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืฆื™ืคื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื“ื™ ืžื›ืœื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™? ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืชืžื•ื” "ืืœืœื”" ื•"ืืกืœืื" ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ื›ืฉื ืœืกื“ืจื” ื•ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืžืฉื ื”: "ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืกืœืื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”" ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืžืกืžืš ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืืœื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช "ื”ืืกืœืื" ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช (ื•ืฉื•ื‘ – ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ "ื”ืืกืœืื"?!). ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฉื ื”ื•ืงืจื ื” ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ "ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”: ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื", ืื•ืœื ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ 10 ื”ืคื›ื• ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœ"ื”ืืกืœืื", ื•ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ืย ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช. ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืœืชืœื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื”ืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’. ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ืคืชื— ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ ืืงืฉืŸ ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ื™. ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืกื•ืงืก, ืžืžื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœืคืขื•ืœื”. ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืžืขืœืœื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืงืจ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืืฉ ืฆื•ืœื‘ืช ืื• ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื™ื ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื. ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืกืข ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื ืคืจื“ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœื™ ืžื”ืืฉื” ื•ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืงื“ื ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืกื›ื ื”. ืคืชื™ื— ื–ื” ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื• ืื™ื ื• ืžืืคืฉืจ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฆื’ื” ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื”ื•ื ืžืกืžืŸ ืžืจืืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืกืงื ื”: ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื”ื ืกื›ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืคื—ื“ ืžืžื ื” ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ืื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืจืขื ืŸ ืืœ ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ื ื’ื“ ืขืžื™ืชื™ื• ืž"ื“ื•ืจื”ืคืจืฉื ื™ื ืขื ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืฉื™ื“ืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืกืš ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ" ื›ืื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืจื™ ืžืขืจื•ืฅ 2 ื•ืขื•ื“ื“ ื’ืจื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื•ืฅ 1. "ืื ื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจืช" ืืžืจ, "ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ืืœ ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ืืฆืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื, ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืงื•ืœื•ืช". ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœื™ ื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ื• ื‘ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ืื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“-ืžืžื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื“-ืฆื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืืœืœื” ืื™ืกืœืื" ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ืžื ื•. ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืฆื•ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื ื• "ืžื•ื ืฉื‘ืš ืืœ ืชืืžืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจืš". ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืื• ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ืืกืœืืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœื™ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืขื ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืชื• ื”ืžืชื•ืงืฉืจืช ื‘ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื›ื–ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ื“ืช ืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ืชื ืฉืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื—ืจ, ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื• ื•ื‘ื”ืฉื˜ื—ืชื•, ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš. ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืงื™ืจ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœื™ ื•ื“ืกืง ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช 10 (ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกืคืจ 119) ื›ืชื‘ ืขืžื™ ื“ื’ื ื™, ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช: "ืฆื‘ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืงืจ, ื”ืื ืืชื” ืœื ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ ืžื›ืš ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื•ื”ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืคื” ืžืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืžื”ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœืš? ื”ืื ื ืขืœืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ื—ื“ืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—? ื”ืื ืฉื ืืช 'ืขืžืœืง' ืžืฉืชืœื˜ืช ืขืœื™ื ื•? ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชืš ืžืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื•ืžื•ืงื™ืจ ืื•ืชืš ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืขื ื–ืืช ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื” ืฉืืžืจืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื™ื ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื, ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ, ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ื”ื–ื• (ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืจืง ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืžื ื”) โ€“ ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืืกืœืื ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืฉืงืคืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช-ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื”ืกืจื˜ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงื•ื“ืจืช, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช. ืื ื™ ื’ื ืกื•ืœื“ ืžื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืœืื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื (ืฉืžื•ื‘ืขืช ื’ื ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื”), ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœืš ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜ ื•ื”ืืกืœืื ื™ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืฉืจื ืžื” ื–ื” ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ืžื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื—ืก ื•ื—ืœื™ืœื”." ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื›ื—ืฉื” ืฉืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ืืš ื”ืื ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ืกืชื” ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช? ื™ืฉ ืืกืœืื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ื™ื• ื›ืืœื• ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืกืœืื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘. ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฆื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื”ืืกืœืื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื™ื•ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช. ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืฆืžื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืžืขื˜ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื’ื ืฉื ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืคื’ื™ื ื” ืื•ื–ืœืช ื™ื“ ื•ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื ื—ืฉืœื•ืช, ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื ื™. ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขืœ ืืœ ื”ื’ื ื”ื”ื“ืจื”, ื”ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืคืœื™ื™ื” ืžื”ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืืœื” ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื ื•ืกื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืืœ ืœื‘ื ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืื‘ื•ื“ื™ื. ื›ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื,ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ืช, ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื–ื”ื•ืช. ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืžืžื ื” ื”ื™ื’ืจื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื, ืืš ื’ื ืื™ื ื ืžืชืงื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืžื•ืœื“ืชื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘. ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื—ืœืงื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืคืœื˜ ื‘ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื˜ืจื ืกืฆื ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช โ€“ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”. ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื ืคื•ื ื” ืœืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ืžื“ืจื™ื“, ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื“ืจื•ื ืฆืจืคืช ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื™ื“ืขื• ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืืกืœืื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืื• ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื”ื. ื ื™ืงื— ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืื ืื ื•ืจ ืืœ-ืขื•ืœืงื™, ื™ืœื™ื“ ืืจื”"ื‘. ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืืจื”"ื‘ ืžืชื™ืžืŸ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 7 ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ ืœืชื™ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 19 ื—ื–ืจ ืœืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื ืจืฉื ืœืงื•ืœื’'. ืืœ-ืขื•ืœืงื™ ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืขืœ ืกืจืŸ ื ื™ื“ืœ ืžืœื™ื› ื—ืกืŸ, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉืจืฆื— 13 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘. ื—ืกืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ืžืžื•ืฆื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™, ื™ืœื™ื“ ืืจื”"ื‘ (ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื”ื™ื’ืจื” ืœืืจื”"ื‘ ืžืืœ-ื‘ื™ืจื” ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืœืจืžืืœืœื”). ื—ืกืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช ื•ื ื”ื’ ืœื”ืชื›ืชื‘ ืขื ืืœ-ืขื•ืœืงื™. ื™ื—ื™ื“ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื ืงืจืื” ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื‘ืจ. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2009 ื™ืจื” ื—ืกืŸ ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื‘-13 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฆื‘ืื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืฆื•ืขืง "ืืœืœื” ืื›ื‘ืจ". ืืœ-ืขื•ืœืงื™ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืืžืื ื‘ืžืกื’ื“ ื“ืืจ ืืœ-ื”ื’'ืจื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื• ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘-11/09/2001. ื‘-2002 ืขื–ื‘ ืืœ-ืขื•ืœืงื™ ืืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ื‘-2004 ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืœืชื™ืžืŸ ื•ืžืื– 2009 ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื“ืข ื›ืžืคืงื“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืืœ-ืงืืขื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืฉืžื• ื ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืขื“ ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœื• ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2011 ื‘ืชื™ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™. ืืœ-ืขื•ืœืงื™ ื ื™ื”ืœ ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื˜ื™ืฃ ืœื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ืืฃ ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ื’'ื™ื”ื“ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ืืœ-ืขื•ืœืงื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ืฉื ื•ืœื“

ื“"ืจ ืžืฉื” ื›ื”ืŸ: ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื• ื‘ืคืชื’ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™

ืžื‘ื•ื ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื›ื›ืœืœ, ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืกืžืœื™ื, ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ืขืฆืžื™ื, ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช – ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช- ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกืžืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืคื”, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืคืช ื”ืคืชื’ื. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื’ื ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืชย  ื•ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ืกืžืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื ื”ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื•ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื” ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืชืจืฉื• ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื• ืžื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืืœื”. ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื”, ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืืœื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืงื•ื. ื. ื ืงืžืช ื“ื ื‘. ืขืจื›ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืื™ืฉื” )[1] ื’. ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื[2] ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืคืชื’ืžื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืœื”, ืฉืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื›ืŸ, ืœืจื•ื‘, ื ืงืžืช ื”ื“ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื. ื”ืคืชื’ืžื™ื ื“ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืจืื™ ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจ ื•ื’ื™ื‘ืฉ ืคืชื’ืžื™ื ืืœื”, ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ื”ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืจื™ืฉื•ื ื•ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ืื—ืจ. ื. ื ืงืžืช ื“ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื“ื ืžืฉืœื™ื ืขื ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืงื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืžืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืขื ืืœืœื” ืขืœ ื’ื–ื™ืจืชื•, ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืฆืขืจ ื•ื”ืื•ืžืœืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ืœ ืื• ื‘ื™ืชืžื•ืช, ื ืคื’ืขืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืชื”. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืจืฆื— ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืจื‘ ืืช ื”ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ืœื ืงืžื”. ุฅุฐุง ุฏูŽุฎูŽู„ ุฅุจู’ู„ูŠุณ ุญูู…ููŠ ุงูู„ูˆูŽุทููŠุณ– "ืึดื–ึทื ื“ึทื—ึท'ืœ ืึดื‘ึฐึผืœึดื™ืก ื—ึดืžึดื™ ืึดืœึฐ-ื•ึทื˜ึดื™ืก"ย  =ืื ื ื›ื ืก ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ืฉืŸ ืœื•ื”ื˜. ืคืชื’ื ื–ื” ื ืืžืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื—ืžื ืืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื”, ืื• ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืขืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื• ื‘ื—ืžื•ืœื”. ื‘ืขืช ื›ื–ื•, ืฉืจื•ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืขื–ื” ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื•ืœื”ื–ื™ืง ืื• ืœื”ืจืข ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืžืฉืœ ืื—ื– ื‘ื• ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืจื’ืข. ื‘ื ืงืžื” ื™ืฉ ืืคื•ื ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืœืกืขืจื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉื’ื•ืจื ื”ืจืฆื—. ื™ืฉ ืืฃ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืงืžื” ื‘ืื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ืขื ื• ืืฃ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”, ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืช ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื”ื—ืœืฉืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ืœื ื™ืชื—ื–ืง ื™ืฉ ืœืกืœืง ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืฆื—. ื ื“ื’ื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืคืชื’ืžื™ื. ื ืงืžืช ื”ื“ื ื”ื™ื ืžื ื”ื’ ืงื“ื•ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœย  ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื ืงื•ื ืืช ื“ืžื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืžื•ืœื”, ืื• ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื™ื’ืช ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ืื• ื”ืจื™ื’ืช ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•. ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื• ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืช ืงืฉื” ื•ืœืฉืจืฉืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืงืฉื” ืœืกื™ื™ืžืŸ. ืžื” ืฉืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื ืงืžืช ื“ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื“ืจ ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜, ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื”ืขื“ืจ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื•ืžื•ืกื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื‘ืกื™ืฆื™ืœื™ื” ืื• ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ื”ืื“ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื”ื ืงืžื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื• ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื. ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ืฉื›ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื—ื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื•ื™ืฉ ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ืขื– ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืš. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืื• ื”ื‘ื“ื•ื•ื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ื–ื” ื•ืขืฉืชื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืื•ืคื ื™ื: ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”-ื—ึท'ืžึฐืก ืฉื”ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื ืงืžืช ื“ื ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืžื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื‘ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขื“ ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœื—'ืžืก ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืขื“ ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื• ืื—ืจืื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื•ืžื’ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”. ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืžื–ื•, ื”ื ืื—ืจืื™ื ื’ื ืœืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืื ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื ื—ืœืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ื ืชื•, ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช, ื”ื ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืคื•ื’ืขืช. ื”ื—'ืžืก ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืœืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ืœืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ื“ื. ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื• ืžืชื’ื•ื ื ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืื• ื”ื‘ื“ื•ื•ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉื”ื–ื•ืœืช ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืจืช ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืกื‘ืœื• ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื”ื ืื• ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื. ืขืœ ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ุฅุฐูŽุง ุทูู„ูุน ุตููŠู’ุชู‹ูƒ ุญูุท ุฑูŽุงุณูŽูƒ ูˆูู†ูŽุงู…-"ืึดื–ึทื ื˜ึดืœึดืข ืฆึดื™ืชึทื›ึผ ื—ึปื˜ ืจึทืืกึทื›ึผ ื•ึผื ึทืื" – ย ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ื™ ืื– ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ืจืืฉืš ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ. ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืฆื“ืง– ืขื“ืœ- ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืงืฉืจ ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ืฉืœื ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ืคื’ืข ืœื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ื•ืœื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ืื• ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•, ืื• ืื– ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ. ืืš ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื’ื™ืขื”, ืžื•ืคืจ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช. ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืฉืื“ื ื ืคื’ืข ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืœื›ื•ืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืง ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืงืžื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ืคื™ืฆื•ื™. ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ืคืชื’ื ุงูŽุฎู’ุฐ ุงูู„ุซูŽุงุฑ ุจูุฒููŠู„ ุงูู„ู’ุนูŽุงุฑ– "ืึทื—ึฐ'ื“' ืึดืœึฐ-ืชึทืืจ ื‘ึดึผื–ึดื™ืœ ืึดืœึฐ-ืขึทืืจ" – ย ื ืงืžืชืš ื ืงืžืช, ื—ืจืคืชืš ื”ืกืจืช. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื ืงืžื” ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ืคื™ืฆื•ื™. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™, ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช- ุตูู„ู’ุญ ืกื•ืœื—ื”- ืคื™ื•ืก, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืฉืœื•ื ื›ื•ืคืจ, ืœืื—ืจ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืฉืžืชื ื”ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชื•ื•ืš. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื›ื•ืคืจ, ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ืขืœ โ€“ ุนูŽุทู’ูˆูŽุฉ– ืขึทื˜ึฐื•ื•ึทื” – ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื ืฉืง. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ืขืœ ืชืฉืœื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ืื• ืžืชืŸ ืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื ืงืจื- ุฌููŠุฑุฉ –ื’ึด'ื™ืจึทื” – ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื, ืœื ืชืชื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื ืงืžื”. ื ืงืžืช ื”ื“ื ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืงืจื: ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ( ืคืจืง ื˜, 6) ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื: "ืฉื•ืคืš ื“ื ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืื“ื ื“ืžื• ื™ืฉืคืš ื›ื™ ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœื”ื™ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื". ืœืœื ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืœื ืงืžืช ื“ื ืชื—ืช ืชื ืื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื. ืงืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื ืงืจื 'ื’ื•ืืœ ื”ื“ื', ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืช ืžื™ ืฉื”ืจื’ ืืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืžื–ื™ื“. ืืš ื‘ื”ืจื™ื’ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’ ื(ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”, 6 ): " ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื“ืขืช ื”ื›ื” ืืช ืจืขื” ื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ื ื”ื•ื ืœื• ืžืชืžื•ืœ ืฉืœืฉื•ื", ืจืฉืื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื’ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืœืื—ืช ืžืฉืฉืช ืขืจื™ ื”ืžืงืœื˜ ืฉื ืชื ื• ืžื—ืกื” ืœืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื”. ื’ื ื›ืืŸ, ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื“, 20 )" ืขื™ืŸ ืชื—ืช ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืŸ ืชื—ืช ืฉืŸ". ื”ืคืชื’ืžื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื ืงืžืช ื“ื: 1.ุงู„ู’ุจูŽุฏูŽูˆููŠ ุฃุฎูŽุฐู’ ุซูŽุงุฑููˆ ุจูŽุนู’ุฏ ุงูŽุฑู’ุจูŽุนููŠู† ุณูŽู†ูŽุฉ ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุงู„ ุฅุณู’ุชูŽุนูŽุฌูŽู„ุช[3] ึดืืœ-ื‘ึทึผื“ึทื•ึดื•ื™ ืึทื—ึท'ื“ ืชึทืืจื•ึน ื‘ึทืขึฐื“ ืึทืจึฐื‘ึฐึผืขึดื™ืŸ ืกึทื ึตื” ื•ึผืงึทืืœ ืึดืกึฐืชึทืขื’ึท'ืœึตืช ื”ื‘ื“ื•ื•ื™ ื ืงื ืืช ื ืงืžืชื• ืœืื—ืจ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ื•ืืžืจ ืžื™ื”ืจืชื™. 2. ุฅู„ููŠ ู…ูŽุง ุจูุฑูุฏ ุงู„ุซุงุฑ ุฑูŽุฏููŠุก ุงูู„ู’ุญุงูŽู„[4] ึดืืœึดื™ ืžึทื ื‘ึดึผืจึปื“ ืึดืœึฐ-ืชึทึผ'ืืจ ืจึทื“ึดื™ื ืึดืœึฐ-ื—ึทืืœ. ื–ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืงื ื ืงืžืช ื“ื โ€“ืžืฆื‘ื• ื’ืจื•ืข. ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืžืฆื‘ื• ืื™ื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•. 3. ุฅู„ููŠ ุฅู„ููˆ ุธูŽู‡ู’ุฑ ู…ูŽุง ุจูู†ูุถุฑูุจู’ ูููŠ ุจูŽุทู’ู†ููˆุง[5] ย ืึดืœึดื™ ืึดื™ืœื•ึน ื˜'ื”ึฐืจ ืžึทื ื‘ึดึผื ึดืฆ'ืจึตื‘ึผ ืคึดื™ ื‘ึทึผื˜ึฐื ื•ึน. ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื‘, ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื‘ื˜ื ื•. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื–ืง ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืžื ืงืžืช ื“ื ื‘ื• ืื• ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•. 4. ุงูู„ู’ู…ููˆุช ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ุงู„ุฐูู„ู‘ โ€“ ุงูู„ู…ููˆุช ูˆูŽู„ูŽุง ุงู„ุฐูŽุงู„ููŠุฉ[6] . ืึดืœึฐ-ืžื•ึนืช ื•ึทืœึทื ืึดืœ-ื“ึป'ืœึผ . ืึดืœึฐ-ืžื•ึนืช ื•ึทืœึทื ืึดืœ-ื“ึทึผืืœึดื™ึตึผื”. ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืœื” ย 5. ุจูŽุดูุฑ

Ehud R. Toledano: Enhancing Israelโ€™s academic standing in Middle E. Studies

Israeli Academia in the humanities and the social sciences finds itself these days between a rock and a hard place: on the one hand, an international movement โ€“ mostly from the anti-Zionist Left โ€“ to boycott our scholars and universities, and on the other, attempts by a few groups in this country โ€“ mostly on the pro-settler Right โ€“ to restrict academic freedom and control the manner in which politically sensitive issues are being taught on Israeli campuses, as well as the content itself.

ืื•ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืจืžืŸ: "ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘" ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื ื™ื, ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื

ื”ื”ืคืชืขื” ืฉื—ื•ืœืœ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืชื— ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืชืชื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช: ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืžืกื“ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™. ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžืชื—ืงื” ืื—ืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื— ื”ื–ื” ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื•ืคื›ื• ืœืžืชื— ื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ.

ื”ืžืืžืจ ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ืžื•ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, "ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช", ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ื–ื”.

ืžื“'ืื”ื‘

ืžื“'ืื”ื‘ ย  ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืคืขื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื ืคื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžืฉื™ื—'ืช ืืœ-ืื–ื”ืจ (1778), ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ืจื›ื™ื IV 32 (6-34) ืžืื” 18: ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžืฉื™ื—'ืช ืืœ ืื–ื”ืจ (1778) : IV 32 (6-34) ืืจื•ืงืช ืืœ-ืื–ื”ืจ VI 21-25 ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื“'ืื”ื‘ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื IV 28(4-12) ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“'ืื”ื‘ ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื IV 27(18-21) ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื“'ื”ืื‘ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•, ืื•ืœื, ื”ืขื“ืคืช ื”ืžื“'ื”ืื‘ ื”ื—ื ื™ืคื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื. ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืืคืชื ืฉืœื•, ื‘. ื”ืžืฉืจื•ืช (ืžืฉื™ื—'ืช ืืœ-ืื–ื”ืจ) VI 29 (36)- 30(8) ืฉื™ื™ื—' ืœื›ืœ ืžื“'ื”ื‘ ื•ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ื—' ืืœ-ืื–ื”ืจ VI 41(20-24)

ืžืกื“ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืืœื“

ืžืกื“ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืืœื“ ย  ืžื•ืืœื“ ืžืกื“ืจื™ื ืฆื•ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื—'ื™ื ืฆื•ืคื™ื™ื ืงื‘ืจื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ื—ื’' ื•ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืกื’ืจ ย  ืžื•ืืœื“ ื”ืžื•ืืœื“ ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืจ I 90(13)-92(21); III 130(31)-131(6) ืžื•ืœื“ ืืœ-ืžืฉื”ื“ ืืœ-ื—ื•ืกื™ื ื™ (ืฉื™ืขื”) 92(21)-93(10) I ืžื•ืœื“ ืืœ-ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ II 6(12-15) ืžื•ืœื“ ืืœ-ืฉื™ื—' ืื‘ืจื”ื™ื ืืœ-ืคืืจ: ืชืื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ II 113 (9-22) ืžื•ืœื“ ื ื‘ื•ื™ [ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19: (133(3-28] III 131-133 ืžื•ืœื“ ืืœ-ื“ืฉื˜ื•ื˜ื™ III 133(29)-134(5) ืžื•ืœื“ ืืœ-ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ – IV 69(20-26) ืžื•ืœื“ ืืœ-ืจืคืืขื™ IV 118(23)-119(2) ืžื•ืœื“ ืกื™ื“ื ื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ IV 90(35)-91(22) ืžื•ืœื“ ืืœ-ืขืคื™ืคื™ V 51(8-10); XVI 73(11-15) ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื” ืžืฉืœื ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืขืฉื™ืจ ืื—ืจ XI 89(17-18), XIII 5(14)-51(3) ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžื•ืืœื“ ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื˜ื”ื˜ื XVII 22(37)-23(1), 23(4) ืืžื• ืฉืœ ืืกืžืืขื™ืœ ืžืงืฆื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืžื•ืœื“ ื‘ื–ืื•ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ื“ื” XVIII 14(26-28) ืžื•ืืœื“ ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช- VIII 2(17-22), 19(34-35), 25(14), 39(11,14-15), 43(29,30), 61(33), 71(10-11), 86(36); IX 7(28-30), 37(24)#, 61(9-11,29)-62(2),[1] 65(20), 77(16-17), 78(16), 83(10-11); X 4(26-27), 5(12), [32(16-17)], 39(18/19), 44(22-24), 54(9), 58(18), 65(9), 87(17); XI 18(20-21), 22(11), 23(29-30), 54(2-16), 57(19-20), 68(5), 72(25-26), 76(22/3), 82(19-21), 83(32); XII 3(29-30), 6(34,36*); 37(8-9); 59(34), 96(14)-97(7), 137(20/21), 143(10), 143(14), 145(20); XIII 2(8-9), 27(6-7), 28(28), 53(30-31)*, 62(29-30), 63(10-11)*, 64(33-37)*, 66(30); XIV 68(1-2), 68(15), 69(3), 90(17), 97(4-6)*, 103(31), 108(7), 115(37)-116(1), 119(16), 123(33-36), 141(19-23) XV 5(19-20), 6(5-7), 7(21-22), 10(16), 72(23-24), 74(8), 76(23-24)#, 90(11-12, 16-20,25/6), 91(5-6,15,16), 95(21); XVI 72(31), 82(28); XVII 14(33), 22(33) -23(21)[2], 25(31), 28(36/7) * ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19. # ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉ-19. ืžื•ืืœื“ ืื‘ืจืื”ื™ื ืืœ-ื“ืกื•ืงื™ XI 8(27-34) ืžื•ืกื ืืœ-ื”ืœื” XVII 22(33)-23(21) ืžื•ืกื ืงื•ืคื˜ื™ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืกืžื ื•ื“ XVI 65(2-3) ืื ืฉื™ ืžืœื•ื™- ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” 3 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฉื” โ€“ ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืงื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื IX 16(13-16) ืฆื™ืจ ืืœ ืžื—ืจืง (ืžื ืคืœื•ื˜) ืงื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื™ื—ื“, 3-4 ื™ืžื™ื XI 70(34-35) ืžื•ืกื ืงื•ืคื˜ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืื‘ื•-ืชื™ื’ : ื’ื™ื–ื” XI 71(1-2); XV 69(36/7) ืžื•ืกื ืงื•ืคื˜ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจื•ื˜ XII 54(4-6) ืžื•ืกื ื‘ืืกื™ื•ื˜ โ€“ ืชืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื XII 103(25-30) ืžืจืฆืื— ื‘ืืกื™ื•ื˜ XII 105(5-6) ืžื•ืกื ื’ื“' ืืœ-ืช'ืžืจ (ื ื—'ื™ืœ) ืฉืจืงื™ื” XV 74(10-11) ืžืกื“ืจื™ื ืฆื•ืคื™ื™ื ืžื•ืœื•ื™ื, ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื, ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื II 45(24,27-29) ืคืงื™ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™ โ€“ ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืกื“ืจ II 46(31-32) ืคืงื™ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 II 57(23-31) ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืชื›ืื™ื II 104(1-5), (34-35); III 50(15-16); VI 54(12/3,15/16), (19/20), 55(30-32), (34)f, 55(36)-56(1), 56(5-7)(10),(12-13),(25-29), 57(5/6),(7-9),(11-15), (17), (24-26) ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกื“ืจื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื—'ืœืืคื” ืืœ-ื‘ื›ืจื™ื” III 124(10-13), 129(31) ืžื ื•ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืกื“ืจื™ื ืข"ื™ ืกื™ื“ ืืœ-ื‘ื›ืจื™ III 134(16-21) ืžื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™ ืžืงืฆื™ื‘ ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœืชื›ื™ื” ื‘ืงื ื XIV 121 (19-20) ืขื‘ืืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื™ื—' ืฉืœ ื”ื ืงืฉื‘ื ื“ื™ื” ื•ืžืงื™ื ืœื”ื ืชื›ื™ื” III 10(2-10), 130(15-16); VI 57(19-21) ืืกืžืืขื™ืœ ืžืงื™ื ืชื›ื™ื”, ืื™ืžื• ืžืงืฆื™ื‘ื” ืœืฉื™ื—' ื•ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืฉื™ื III 130(20-21); XVIII 14(26/8) ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื“ืจื™ื ื“ื’ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืžืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื”ื III 129(32)-130(13) ืชื›ืื™ื โ€“ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœืžื” VI 54-57 III 130(13-26); ื”ื’ื“ืจื” VI 54(8-11) ืชื›ืื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืœืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืชื•ืจื›ื™ื III 130(21-22) ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืกื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืืœื“ III 131(1-6), 133(3-28); IV 112(14-18); XII 96(14)-97(7) ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” IV 69(20-26) ืกืขื“ื™ื” IV 112(6-8) ืจืคืืขื™ื” IV 118(23)-119(2) ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืกื“ืจื™ื V 4(22-33) ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18 (ืงืฆืจ ืืœ-ืขื™ื ื™ โ€“ ื‘ื›ืชืืฉื™ื”) VI 56(29)-57(1) ืžืกื“ืจ ืžืฉื ื” (ืžืจืื–ืงื”- ืืชื‘ืืข ืืœืกื™ื“ ืืœ-ื‘ื“ื•ื™) V 112(17-19); XVI 72(32/3) ื—'ื•ืื ื› ืืœ-ืงืื”ืจื”: ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—'ื•ืื ื› ืื™ื ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืชื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช VI 48-52 ื—'ื•ืื ื› ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจืชื (ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื•ืคื™ืช) VI 51(2-3) (ื–ืื•ื™ื”) ื•ื™ืขืงื“ ืคื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆ' ืืœ-ืฆื•ืคื™ื” ืžื’'ืœืกื ืœืœ-ื“'ื›ืจ VI 26(7-8) ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืืœื“ XV 54(2f); XV 90(17-20), 95(22-23) ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื XII 134(14/5); XIV 96/7 ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ( ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื˜ืงืกื™ื) IX 85(7-8) ืžื•ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื ื” ืชื›ื™ื” ื‘ืืกื™ื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 XII 104(5) ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื•ืืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืงืœื™ื•ื‘ื™ื” โ€“ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจื™ืงื” XIV 116(33/4) ืื ืฉื™ ื˜ืจื™ืงื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืื•ื™ื” XVI 85(13-14); XVIII 14(27/8) ืขืืœื ืฆื•ืคื™ IX 96(30)-97(3) ืฉื™ื™ื—'ื™ื ืฆื•ืคื™ื™ื ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื: IV 109(28-34) ืื‘ื• ื—ืจื™ื‘ื” IV 49(15-36) ืžืฆื˜ืคื ืืœ-ืžื ืกื ืืœ-ืกืขื“ื•ื ื™ IX 76(36)-77(11) ื—'ืืœื“ ืืœ-ื—'ืืœื•ืชื™ ืืœ-ืกืจื™ืจื™ื” (ืžื ื™ื) XII 34(32-33) ืืœ-ืฉื™ื™ื—' ืขืœื™ ื‘ืืœ-ืกื•ืื”ื’'ื” XII 96(8-10) ืขืžืจ ืืœ-ืฉื™ืจืื•ื™ – XII 122(21)-123(9) ืžืฉืคื—ื”-ื˜ืจื™ืงื” (ืืœ-ืขื–ืื–ื™) XV 85(13-14) – ืฉื™ื—' ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ื—' ืฆื•ืคื™ XVI 85(13-14) ืฉื•ื ื•ืช XIII 53(24); XV 27(6-7); XVI 72(32/3) ืฉื™ื™ื—'ื™ื ืžืื” 18 (ืœืคื™ ื’'ื‘ืืจืชื™) XVI 72(34)-73(11) ืงื‘ืจื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื VIII 2(13-17), 21(36), 32(23), 43(29/30), 61(33), 73(26-30), 77(6), 77(11), 86(36), 102(6-7) IX 2(9-10), 7(28-31), 14(14-15), 16(21), 17(30-31), 30(15), 30(30,32-34), 37(20-21), 61(7-8), (9-11), 63(11), 65(20/1), 67(6), 77(35-36), 78(16), 78(31-32), 83(10), 85(6-8), (11), 87(6), 92(15), 99(26) X 25(9-10), 25(33), 26(3-4), 32(16-17), 39(14-17), (20f),(24-25), 44(14-15), 44(22), 51(32), 57(36),64(27f), 65(22-23), 65(37)- 66(1), 66(14), 66(22/23), 68(8-9), 69(7-9), 70(14-15), 87(16), 100(27) XI 2(17), 7(16f), 8(34-35),14(22-23), 16(26-27), 18(20-21), 22(11), 22(14), 57(19), 68(5), 71(25/6), 72(5), 72(25), 74(28), 82(8), 82(19), 83(22), 83(26), 83(32), 84(4), 84(15,17), 90(28/9), 91(27/8), 91(36), 92(34-35), 95(4),[7-9] XII 3(29), 6(24), 6(34-35), 9(34-35), 12(26-27), 19(34), 20(1-2), 34(28-29), 35(6), 35(20), 37(7-9)(10-11), 44(34/5), 47(36), 98(2-3f), 48(20), 50(11-12), 57(24), 57(34), 59(26)(34-36), 96(8-10), 114(15/6), 115(14/5), 117(3/4), 118(37), 122(13), 127(8), 128(25-27), 129(27), 132(27), 137(13), 137(20), 138(7/8), 138(13-16), 138(26/7), 143(14-15), 145(20),147(34-36) XIII 2(5),(7-8), 27(5-6), 28(156), 28(28-30), 33(18, 35-37), 40(29-30), 61(11), 61(14), 61(16-18), 62(8/9), 62(29), 66(30) XIV 3(23), 7(2), 50(11-12), 54(2-3), 63(22/3), 63(29-30), 67(33), (37-68)(3), 68(15), 69(2), 75(26/27), 76(10), 84(12), 95(16), 96(31), 97(19), 97(25), 98(27), 99(10-15), 103(31), 108(7), 113(35/6), 114(23), 119(16), 125(30) XV 4(26/7), 4(35-36), 5(19), 6(5), 7(21), 10(12-13), 11(36), 12(18), 13(6), 14(31), 16(16), 17(35/6), 27(5-6), 29(14), 34(26), 35(23), 35(34), 44(5), 45(16/7), 46(7/8), 47(13-14), 72(17f)(28-30), 74(7-8), 74(15), 79(10) XVI 47(22-23, 30-34), 60(6), 60(18),62(2), 63(17),63(28),64(13), 65(11-12),65(17), 65(26), 72(21), 72(30-31), 79(13), 80(10),80 (29-30), 82(28),85(2) XVII 3(11-12), 4(6-8), 7(22), 9(37),-10(2), 14(32/3), 22(20),23(30), 25(30-31), 26(18/9), 28(36), 29(2), 57(15-16), 58(1) ืงื‘ืจื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ ื”ืฉื“ื”: VIII 39(11-19); IX (31,34-36), 77(16/7); IX 92(19); X 54(7-9), 58(17-18)(27); XI (24(3), 23(29); XI 75(36), 76(20); XII 66(5), 94(6), 103(13), 104(36/7),105(3-5); XIII 46(12f), 46(37)-47(1), 47(22)-48(8), 48(26)-50(14); XIII 48(22-24), 52(6-7), 53(27-31); XIV 82(19), 83(12-16), 76(5)ff, (33), 77(13), 90(8)-91(18), 94(30), 95(18); XVI 55(16-17) ืื™ืฉ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืงื‘ืจ ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื• ืžืฆืืฆืื™ื• (ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื ื˜'ืจ ื•ืงืฃ?) III 78 (18-22); IV 119(11-14) ืขืืœื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืงืฃ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืงื‘ืจื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื ื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืชื III 83(21-36) ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื โ€“ ื”ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ืข"ื™ ื“ื™ื•ืืŸ ืืœ-ืื•ืงืืฃ III 78(34-35) ืžืงืจืื” ืฆืžื•ื“ื” / ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ื›ืคืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื V 97(20-24) ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืขืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืงื‘ืจ ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื ืคื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• XV 72(17-23) ืงื“ื•ืฉ – ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืฉื”ื—'ื“ื™ื• ืืกืžืืขื™ืœ ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืงื‘ืจื• III 92(33)-93(18) ืฆ'ืจื™ื— ืžืขืชืงื“ V 133(17) ืœืœื ืืก ืคื™ื” ืืขืชืงืื“ ื–ืืื“ V 147(1-2) ืœืœื ืกืื ืคื™ื” ืืขืชืงืื“ ืื›ื™ื“ VI 26(6-7) ืืœ-ืงื™ืžื” ื”ื ืื› ืืžืจืื” ืชืžื ืข ืืœ-ืจื’'ืืœ ืžืŸ ืืœ-ื–ื™ืจืื” ื•ืงืช ื–ื™ืืจืช ืืœ-ื ืกืื VI 26(8) ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื’ืจื‘ื™ืช VII 69(22-32) ื‘ืขื‘ืจ : ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืžืฉืœ ื—'ืฆ'ื™ืจื™ IV 108-109 ื—'ืœื•ื” XV 11(35) ื—ื’' ื•ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืกื’ืจ ืชืื•ืจื™ ื˜ืงืกื™ื : IV 101(35)-102(4) ืžื—ืžืœ ื‘ืžื ืคืœื•ื˜ XV 95(21-30) ื”ื“ื•ืกื” ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื” (ืžืชื™?!) IV 112(4-10) ื”ื“ื•ืกื” ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื IV 118(23)-119(2) ื”ื˜ืงืกื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื: V 85(35)-86(6) ื—ื’' – XII 112(19-20); XIV 7ff, 121(22-32); IX 16-30 [22(9)- 24(35)] ื—ื’' ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ื“ [ XII 84(29)-86(2)] ื—ืฆ'ืจื” ื›ืœ ืืกื‘ื•ืข (ื•ืžื•ืœื“ ื›ืœ ืขืืž), ืžืงืจืืื” ื›ืœ ืืกื‘ื•ืข III 22(11-12), 40(4), 56(3), 85(24); ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ื•ืงืคื™ืืช

ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื

ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื: ื›ืœืœื™ ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื ื›ืกื™ื ื•ืื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฆื‘ื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™ ย  ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช:II 46(19f), 47f, 120(34)ff . ื‘ืŸ ื™ื ื™ืฆ'ืจื™ ื•ืื™ืฉื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช: III 20(26)-21(6)ff; IX 93(12-24); XI [68(15-30)], 81(10-13)[1] ืจืคืืขื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื˜ื”ื˜ื- XIII 53(27)-56(16) ืขืœื™ ื‘ื“ืจืื•ื™ โ€“ XII 49(11)-50(7) ืžืžื•ืฆื ื›ืคืจื™ โ€“ VIII 18(31)-19(9), 22(29)-25(12); IX 2(12), 7(35)-8(4), 14(23-37), 37ff, 65(21/2), 65 (25-32), 66(32)-67(2), 78(19-29), 92(8-14), 93(25-31), 99(23-24), 99(27-32); X 40(22)-41(34),[2] 56(2-3), 57(14-18),[3] 66(16); 97(30)-98(12); [XI 68(30)-69(24)], 71(10-16), 85(1)-86(16)f, 88(6)-90(22)[4], XII 4(25/6)[5], 9(12-30), 19(18-20), 19(35/6), 39(33), 60(1-31), 115(16/7), 115(22-30), 117(4-6), 127(15/6), 132(20-25), 138(17/8); XIII 29(18-21), 41(10-11); XIV 36(36)-37(9), 75(28), 84(12-13), 96(6-7); XV 4(27-32),[6] 5(6-8), 5(37)-6(1), 10(33)-11(3), 14(31/2), 18(1), 25(30-31), 34(12/3),70(6-7); XIV 48(4-13), 60(13-16), 61(20-35)[7], 65(13), 69(3-4), 79(2), 82(14)[8]; XVII 4(9-32)[9], 58(5-6), 62(15)ff ืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ ืคืงื™ื“ XVII 62(20)f ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ ื•ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ื•ืขืจื™ ื”ืฉื“ื” VIII 2(7-9), 28(17-21)[10], 28(37), 77(1-6), 103(28-29); IX 13(37)-14(1), 91(5-6); X 44(7-10), 56(10-12), 57(24-25), 69(11-12), 96(8-10), [98(19ff)-99(36); XI 69(34), 70(4-5); XII 2(9-28), 45(19-23), 54(12-14), 59(22-23), 66(8-9), 137(24-30); XII 7(4-11); XIV 38(3-7), 51(10), 51(25/6), 69(5), 103(36/7), 141(16/7); XV 11(37)-12(1), 41(2-6), 47(4-5), 73(3-9), 96(2-4); [XVI 56(33)-58(20)]; XVII 7(7-13),(14-16), 10(5-6), 21(31), 22(23/4), (28/29), 23(24) ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ืžื‘ื ื™ ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ ื•ืกื•ื—ืจื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” X 40(37), 41(1-3) ืคืงื™ื“ ืขืืœื- IX 78(9-13); X 98(33f), 99(1f); XI 9(29,36f)-10(8); XI 68(34); XII 96(14); XV 40(29-38) ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ "ืžืฉืื™ื—' ืืœ-ืขืจื‘"- X 70(1-3); XI 99(13-18) ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืžื’'ืœืก ืืœ-ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™ XIV 98(1-2) ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืชื•ืจื›ื™: XI 91(2-19); XII 5(25)-6(8); [XII 84(32-34)[11]]; XIV 76(15-37), [77(8)], 97(30)- 98(25); XVI 56(33)-58(20) ืจืืฉื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื (ืฉื™ื—' ืขืจื‘) [12]XIV 3(11)-5(24)[13]; XIV 116(25)-117(7) ืงื•ืคื˜ื™ื: XIII 59(34)-60(13) ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ืขืœืžืื: [14]XII 143(3-6); XIV 125(33)-128(12) ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืฉืืจืฃ, ืขืœืžืื, ื‘ื ื™ ื˜ืจื™ืงื”: XV 10(12-33) ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื›ื•ืœื ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื ื•ืฆ'ืจืงืกื™ื XVII 62(21-23) ืคื™ ืื•ืœ ื’'ืขืœ ื ื˜'ืืจ ืืœ ืืงืกืื ืžืŸ ืื•ืœืื“ ืืœ-ืขืจื‘ ืกื ื” 1249- XIV 38(6) ืคื™ ืื•ืœ ืชืจืชื™ื‘ ื ื˜'ืืจ ืืœ-ืคืœืื—ื™ืŸ ืกื ืช 1249-XVII 21(31) ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™- ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื• II 121(7) ื‘ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื—ื“ IX 38(32-33), 39(11), 40(33/4) ื”ื—ื›ืจืช ืžืกื™ื, ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื•ืืกืคืงื” XII 49(31-35), 50(1) ื”ืขืกืงืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื II 121 (14/5); XI 89(22-32) ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื IX 44ff ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื XVII 64(1-3) ืงื•ืคื˜ื™ื VI 72(11,17[15]), 73(1), 79(22-33), 80(6-30) ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื™ืžื™ ืžื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™ XIII 57-58 ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืงืจื‘ืชื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ IX 38(17-18) ย ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืžื“ื” IX 39(12f) ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื•ืช, ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื” ื•ื’ื™ื•ืกื” IX 39 ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื ืคื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ืขื•ืœืžืื ื•ื›ื•' XI 89(22-32) ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช: VIII 24(36-37); IX 23-24[16], 39(14-15), 42(3); X 41(20)(31), 97(35), 99(9-19); XI 85(9-10), 86(11), 91(5); XII 9(19), 96(14); XIV 97(33), 98(8,11,14); XVI 57(11-13), 61(25/6); XVII 63(24-25) ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ื•ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ื™ื—' ืืœ-ืžืงื™ืืก XVIII 35 ย  ื ื›ืกื™ื ื•ืื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื ื›ืกื™ื (ื”ืขื ืงื•ืช ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื): ืืœ ืจื•ืฆ'ื” ื›ืžืงื•ื ืืจืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืžืกื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” XVIII 11ff ืงืฆืจ VIII 13(29-30); IX 93(28); X 55(32), 58(23-27)[17]; XI 7(3-7)[18], 71(33-34); XII 49(4,27) ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™- XI 89(18-19) ื—ืžืื- IX 92(17-18); XII 48(17-18) ืžื—ืฆื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ โ€“IX 66(29) ืžืงื™ื ื•ืื‘ื•ืจ- XII 63(20-21); XVI 48(7)[(11-13)] ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงืจืงืข (ื”ืขื ืงื•ืช ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื): IX 46(6-7); 92(8-14); X 55(31-34), 98(30)-99(26), 100(30-31); XI 88(36-37), 89(14); 91(1); XII 5(20-21), 6(1), 49(37)-50(2), 115(22); XIII 56(2-6), 98(19-21); XIV 104(35-36), 108(12-13); XVI 57passim ื’'ื ื™ื ื” โ€“ IX 93(30); X 55(32-33); XI 71(33), 88; XIII 59(25) ืžืฆ'ื™ืคื” – XIII 62(9-10) ืฆื‘ื ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ืฆื‘ื: VIII 85(10-22); IX 14(18-19); X 40(25-27); X 44(17-20); 57(14-18)[19],(18-20); XI 17(29-30), 20(17-19); XII 4(26-28), 19(29-31), 20(33-35), 35(13-17), 43(26-27), 129(28-30), 132(27); XIII 33(2-3), 61(34-36); XIV 37(9-12), 67(26-30), 100(26)-103(8); XV 6(1); XVI 65(14) ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื“ื” ื•ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื X 93(21-22); XVII 10(6-9) ื‘ืŸ ืคืงื™ื“ โ€“ XI 85(36)- 86(16)f ืžืขืจื™ ื”ืฉื“ื” XV 92(30-37) ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื‘ืข ื™ื•ื“ืข ืงืจื•ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘: X 40(27), 44(19), 57(18,20); XII 4(27/8), 19(30-31), 20(34), 35(15); XIV 37(12); XV 92(34),(36); XVII 10(9) ืื–ื”ืจ- ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžื˜ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ื•ืก IV 40(22-26) ื’ื™ื•ืก ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช IX 39(1f) ื’ื™ื•ืก ื›ื˜ื•ืจืื™ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืœื‘ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ื” IX 99(22) ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช (ื’ื ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื—ื’')- IX 23-24, [46(7-8)]; XIV 98(8),(11) ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™ ย  ื”ืงืžืช ืืจืžื•ืŸ ืขืื‘ื“ื™ืŸ III 88(19)-89(3) ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื“ืื’ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกื’ื“ื™ ืื”ืœ ืืœ-ื‘ื™ืช โ€“ V 4(20/21,35), 7(12-14), 16(7-8), 46(15-20), 66(23-25), 134(27-30) ื•ืงืคื™ืช ืขื‘ืืก ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืžืกื’ื“ ืžื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™ V 82f, 84(21) ื•ืงืคื™ืช ืกืขื™ื“ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืžืกื’ื“ ืžื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™ V 84(26)-85(35) ืื‘ืจื”ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืื—ืžื“ ืงื•ื ื” ืžืกื’ื“ ื•ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื•ืงืฃ XI 98(35-36) ืขื‘ืืก ื“ื•ืื’ ืœืื•ืงืืฃ VI 69(13-15) ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืขื‘ืืก ืœื™ื•ืจืฉื• ืกืขื™ื“ VIII 32(16-18); XII 134(28-30) ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื”ื ื•ื’ื•ืจืœื• IX 88(23-25) ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืกื•ื™ืฃ IX 92(19-22) ืขื‘ืืก ื‘ื•ื ื” ืืจืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ X 41(5-18) ืกืขื™ื“ ืžื•ื›ืจ ื ื›ืกื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื VII 60(31-32), 61(16-17); IX 84(20-24); ย XIII 51(30-32) ื ืกื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื™ื“ ืœื—ื’' XII 84(29)-86(2) ื“ืื™ืจื” XI 81(27)-82(15) ื‘ืขืœืช ื›ืคืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื X 110(30)(32); XI 74(17/18); XIII 41(5), 43(36), 44(20), 62(30); XIV 76(13); ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™ ื›ื™ื•ื–ืžื™ ืžืจื—ืฆืื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืืŸ X 82 (24f) ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™ ื›ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื” X 82(33-36)-83(3) ืืจืžื•ื ื•ืช ืืกืžืืขื™ืœ XI 81(29-31) ืืจืžื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื™ื–ื” X 58(30)-59(7) ืฉื ื™ ืืจืžื•ื ื•ืช : XI 98(35)f ย ืฉื•ื‘ืจื ืืœื—'ื™ืžื” XII 120(1f) ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™ ื‘ืขืœืช ื›ืคืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื XIV 97(27) ื“ื•ืืจ ืื•ืกื™ื” – XVI 68(31) ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืกื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18 ื•ื”-19 ืœืคื™ hamount: XII 120(16)-122(11) ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืกื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืื‘ืจืื”ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฆืขื™ื“ XVII 21(17-20) ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฆืืŸ ืœืคื™ hamount XV 30(3)f [1] ื‘ืŸ ืจืฉื™ื“. [2] ื‘ืŸ ื–ืจืืข-ืชืื’'ืจ. [3] ื“ืจืš ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช. [4] ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืช, ื‘ื—ืœืงื ื‘ื ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื, ืจื•ื‘ื ืจื•ืคืื™ื. [5] ืจื•ืคื. [6] ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื•ืจื•ืคื. [7] ื‘ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ืœ. [8] ืจื•ืคืื™ื. [9] ืจื•ืคื. [10] ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœืžื”, ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื ืžืœืชื–ืžื™ื. [11] ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช. [12] ื’'ื•ืืจื‘ื™. [13] ืื‘ืื–ื”. [14] ืจื•ืคื. [15] ื”ืื— ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืจื”. [16] ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื—ื’'. [17] ื’ื™ื–ื” [18] ืœืฉื ื”ืืจื—ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžื•ืœื“ [19]ื”ืคืš ืœืคืงื™ื“.

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืงื”ื™ืจ ย  ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืจืฉืช ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” VII 75(11)-76(22) ืžื“ืจืกืช ืืœ-ื–ืจืืขื” ื‘ื ื‘ืจื•ื” XVII 3(21)-4(2) ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ื›ืคืจ (ืžื‘ืืจื›) IX 38(10)f ืžื›ืชื‘ ื›ืคืจื™ IX 40(3-12) ืงืฆืจ ืืœ ืขื™ื ื™, ืื‘ื•-ื–ืขื‘ืœ IX 40(23)-41(1); XVII 62(20-27) ืืœ-ืžื”ื ื“ืกื—'ืื ื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืœืืง ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ IX 41(6-32) ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ ื•ืกื•ื—ืจื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” X 40(37)-41(3) ืจืคื•ืื” XIV 126-127 ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช IX 41(32)-43(6); XIV 126(28)-127(16) ื˜ื‘ืจื IX 43(6f); XIII 32(27-32) ืืœ-ื—'ืื ืงืื” ืœืื ื’'ืืœ ืžื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™ X 37(17-18) ืžื“ืจืกื” ืืœ-ืืœืกืŸ XVII 62(28)-63(6) ืื–ื”ืจ- ืžืก' ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื I 88(10-13) ืื–ื”ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื IV 13(35)-14(11) ืืจื•ืงื” ืืœ-ืื–ื”ืจ IV 21-25 ื—ืืจืืช ืืœ-ืื–ื”ืจ IV 25(8-17) ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืื” IV 26-28, 30passim ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช XVII 12(32)-13(4) ืื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื“ืืจืก ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื–ื”ืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19VI 4(19-21) ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืืจื› IX 50(14)-51(18), 52(1-16) ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื (ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื ื•ืฉืื™ื”ื) VIII 23-24 ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” IX 51(18f) ืชืจื’ื•ื XVII 63(7)-65(12) ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ IV 28(24-28) ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืงืฆื™ืŸ ืฆื‘ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืงืจื•ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ X 40(27), 44(19), 57(18),(20) ืžื›ืืชื‘ ื‘ืขืจื™ ื”ืฉื“ื” : IX 77(18), 88(24-26); XII 66(5-8); XIV 83(4-5); VX 20(4-5), 90(5) ื”ืžื“ืจืกื” ืฉืœ ืืœ-ืกื™ื“ ืืœ-ื‘ื“ื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ื ื˜ื (ื•ืขื•ื“) XIII 46(17-18), 46(37)-47(1) ืžื“ืจืกื” ื‘ืืกื™ื•ื˜ ืžื—ืœื” (ืœืข'ืืช) XIII 104(9-10); XV 18(33/4), (36/7) ื“ืจื•ืก ืืœ-ืขืœื ื‘ื˜ื”ื˜ื: ืงื ื (7-8)52XIII XIV 121(16/7), ื“ืจื•ืก ืืœ-ืขืœื ื‘ืืœ-ืžื ืฆื•ืจื” XV 90(6, 8, 16, 24, 29) ืฉื™ื™ื—'ื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื ืคืœืื—ื™ื ืžืชืขืฉืจื™ื ืžืงื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ IX 38(7-8), 92(10-12), 93(29-30) ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืงื”ื™ืจ: ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืœื™ื (ืžืงื•ื ืžืฉืงื” ืœื‘ื”ืžื•ืช) ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืืกืคืงืช ืžื™ื I 97(28-37);[98(1-3)] ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื‘ืืช ืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื’ืจื‘ (ืžืฉืžืจ ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”) X84(27-28) ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื’'ืื’' ืžื’ืจื‘ ื”ืกื’ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“ XIV 101-102 ืฉื•ื ื•ืช : ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ืกืœื™ื ืคื—ื” ืกืืœื XIV 126(1)-128(12) ื—ื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจ XIV 125(30) ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ-ืฆื—ื” ืืœ-ื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืจื”ืงื•ืœ III 115(31) ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืกื ื™ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื VII 21(37)-22(13) ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืกื ื™ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจVII 22(10-13) ื—ืจืงื™ื ื•ื ืงื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ืจื’ื (ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-19) X 54(5-7) ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื™ืื˜ XI 52(11-12) ืชื ืื™ื ืกื ื™ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื ื˜ื XIII 45(36)-46(4) ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืชื ืื™ื ืกื ื™ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืฉืŸ XIV 76(12-13) ืชื ืื™ื ืกื ื™ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืืœ-ืื–ื”ืจ IV 29 ืงื”ื™ืจ ืชื ืื™ื ืกื ื™ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืืœื™ืœ ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” I 78(33)-79(8) ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื I 96(31)-97(3) ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” I 96(1-11), [97(4-16)] ื‘ืชื™ ืžืจืงื—ืช I 97(21-28) ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” VII 71(35)-72(14) ื™ืœื•ื“ื” ื•ืชืžื•ืชื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืจ I 98(26)- 99(9) ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ I 99(19-24) ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ( ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ) I 103(33)-104(6) ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืืฅ (ืจื•ื‘ื ื–ืจื™ื) XII 94(33-36) ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืœืงื•ื™ื” (ื‘ืฉืจ) XII 105(8-10)

ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื

ืœื‘ื•ืฉ, ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืื‘ืœ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ื”ืืจื—ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื—ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื, ืžื™ืœื” ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืช, ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืื‘ืœ: ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืขื ืžื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื•ืฉื™ื™ื—' ื‘ืืœ-ืื–ื”ืจ IV 30(22)-31(3) ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืื‘ืœ ืžื ื•ืคื™ื” VIII 27(28-32) ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื’'ืขืคืจื™ื” (ื’ืจื‘ื™ื”) X 67(12-14) ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืื‘ืœ ื“ืฉื ื (ืงื ื) XI 15(16-22) ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืื‘ืœ ืกืื”ืœืกื™ืœื™ืŸ (ืืกื™ื•ื˜) XII 3(26-27) ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืื‘ืœ ืืœ-ืจื—ืžืื ื™ื” (ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”) XV 32(22-26) ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืžืจืฆืคื™ (ืงืœื™ื•ื‘ื™ื”) XV 41([27] 7-17) ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืื‘ืœ ืžืœื•ื’ (ืžื ื•ืคื™ื”) XV 73(25-29) ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืื‘ืœ ื ื—'ื™ืœื” (ืืกื™ื•ื˜) XVII 6(36)-7(2) ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืื‘ืœ ืืœ-ื”ืœื” (ื’'ืจื’'ื) XVII 25(3-4) ื—ื•ืื ื›ื” (ืื•ืœืื“ ืื‘ื™ ืžื—ืคื•ื˜') X 84(16-19) ื”ืงืจื‘ืช ืขืœืžื” ืœื ื™ืœื•ืก ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื’ืื•ืช XV 73(11-13) ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ื”ืืจื—ื” ย ื’'ื”ื™ื ื” (ื’ืจื’ื) X 69(28)-70(1) ืžืœื™ื’ (ืžื ื•ืคื™ื”) XV 73(29-30), (33-34) ืืœ-ื”ืœื” (ื’ืจื’ื) XVII 24(34)-25(7) ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื—ื’ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื’ื•ืช ืขืžืžื™ื•ืช (ื’ืกื•ืช) X 67(1-8) ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ืขืžืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืคื™ ื”ืชืขืœื” XII 66(31-32) ื˜ืื™ืคืช ืžืฉื”ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืืœืขืื‘ ืืœ-ืข'ืจื‘ื™ื” XII 97(18-19) ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืืกื ืฉืœ ืืกื™ื•ื˜ XII 103(25-30) ื—ื’ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 (ื•ืคืื ืืœื ื™ืœ) XVIII 34(14)-35, 99-105 ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ XVII 65(6-7) ื—ื’ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ื XVIII 33-34, 76-98 ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ ื•ืงืชื” (ืขื‘ืืก) ืื—ื“ ืืœ-ืืžืจืื ืืจืืฆ' ื•ื‘ื ื•ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื ืื–ืœ ืœื”ื ืคืฆืจืืช ื—'ื˜'ื” ืขื˜'ื™ืžื” II 3(27) ืฉืœืฉื” ืื—ื™ื: ืื—ื“ ืขืืœื, ืื—ื“ ืžื–ืืจืข, ืื—ื“ ืชืื’'ืจ VIII 22(36)-13(5) ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœืืœ (ื—ืœืคื) ืื™ื ื ื ื›ื ืขื™ื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ VIII 81(35)-82(3) ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืืœ-ืฉื‘ืื ืืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืจืžืื•ืช (ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื—ื•ืœ ืœื›ื•ืชื ื”) XII 115(21/2) ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืืœื—'ื–ืžื” ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื‘ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืงื ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” XII 129(14) ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืขื–ื‘ืช ืฉื˜ื‘ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืจื”, ื“ืœืืœื” ืขืœื ืืœ-ื’'ืกืจ ืืœ-ืกืœื˜ืื ื™, ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ืชืžื•ืจืช ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื” XII 130(21-24) ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืืœ-ืื–ื”ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื™ื—'ื™ื ืฉืœื• ย IV 28-29 ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืืกื•ืืŸ VIII 70(20-22) ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ ื›ืคืจื™ ื’ืจื’ื ื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื”ื VIII 82(15-21) ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื˜ื”ื˜ื (ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื) IX 87(23-35) ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ ื’'ืขืคืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื ืฉื™ื (ื’ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขืœื™ืช) X 66(29-35) ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื—ื•ืฉ ืขื™ืกื โ€“ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” X 84(22-23) ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืืœ-ื“ืจ ืืกื ื (ืืข'ื ื™ื) – XI 2(25)-3(4) ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ ืืœ-ืฉืœืืœ (ืืกื•ืืŸ)- XII 133(29-36) ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื ืฉื™ื (ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื) ื‘ื˜ื•ื™ืจืืช (ืงื ื) XIII 69(2-11) ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื ืฉื™ื (ืžืœื™ื’, ืžื ื•ืคื™ื”)( ื ื–ืžื™-ืืฃ) XV 73 (31-32) ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 IX 88(6-15); XVII 6(29-31) ืคืœืื—ื™ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืขื ื”ืชืžื ื•ืชื ืœืคืงื™ื“ื™ื XII 2(13/4) ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื ืฉื™ื (ื‘ื›ืœืœ) ื‘ืืœ-ืžื ื–ืœื” (ื“ื”ืงืœื™ื”) XV 77(21-23) ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื—'ืœื™ื” (ืืกื™ื•ื˜) XVII 6(26-36) ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืœ-ื”ืœื” (ื’ืจื’ื) ย XVII 24(14-16) ืืœ-ื—ื ืื XII 35/6 ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ืฉ: III 20(8-18); XII 96(34-37),[1] 102(22); XIII 63(22), 90(18-19) ืื•ืคื™ื•ื (ื—'ืฉื—'ืืฉ) XII 69(26-29) ืงืคื” VIII 2(23-25) ื˜ื‘ืง VIII 82 (19); X 66(4-11); XII 134(4); XV 5(16-17), 70(4) ืืœ-ื–ืœืื‘ื™ื” ื•ืชื—ืœื™ื” ืืœ-ืชืจืžืก ืžืœื•ื—'ื™ื” ืคืงืืข (ื‘ื•ื–ื”) VIII 88(5)-89(17) ืžืื›ืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื™ืœื™ืช ( ืืœ-ืžืœื•ื’'ื”) XII 67(7-18) ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืืกื•ืืŸ (ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื) XIV 64(28-35) ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืžืชืžืจื™ื ื•ื“ื•ืจื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœืืœ XII 134(4-15) ืืœ-ื ื™ื“ื” ื•ื›ื•' XV 79(17-33) ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืžืจื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื ืื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ XVII 32(17-18) ืฉื•ื ื•ืช X 66(28-29); XV 73(29-30) ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื’ืจื’ื VIII 83(10-15)(27) ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื˜ื”ื˜ื ื•ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœIX 87(35)- 88(4) ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื ืคืœื•ื˜ (ื—'ืœื“) IX 94(12-15) ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืืœ-ื”ืœื” (ื’ืจื’ื) XVII 24(16-34) ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื, ืžื™ืœื” ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื‘ืžื ื•ืคื™ื” VIII 27 (11-28); X 25(12-14) ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื‘ืืกื•ืืŸ VIII 70(8-19) ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืžื˜ืจื™ืœื•ืงืืœื™ื•ืช VIII (9,16-19) ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืื ื“ื•ืžื” (ื’ืจื’ื) VIII 82(35)-83(10) ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื’'ืขืคืจื™ื” (ื’ืจื‘ื™ื”) X 67(10-12),(14) ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื“ืฉื ื (ืงื ื) XI 14(32)-15(16) ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื›ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืื‘ื• ืชื™ื’ (ืืกื™ื•ื˜) XII 3(21-26) ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืืœ-ืจื—ืžืื ื™ื” (ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”) XV 32(19-22) ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืžืœื™ื’ (ืžื ื•ืคื™ื” ) XV 73(14-25) ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื ื—'ื™ืœื” (ืืกื™ื•ื˜) XVII 6(17-26) ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืžื™ืœื” ื’'ืขืคืจื™ื” (ื’ืจื‘ื™ื”) X 67(8-10), (14) ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืžื™ืœื” ืืœ-ื”ืœื” (ื’ืจื’ื) XVII 24(34)-25(3); XVII 6(17-20) ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืœื™ื“ื” X 67(14-21); XVII (14-17) [1] ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืฉ ืืœ-ื“'ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืœื“.

 - 
Arabic
 - 
ar
Bengali
 - 
bn
German
 - 
de
English
 - 
en
French
 - 
fr
Hindi
 - 
hi
Indonesian
 - 
id
Portuguese
 - 
pt
Russian
 - 
ru
Spanish
 - 
es
Scroll to Top