Meisai

Author name: 1myazbak

ื•ืงืฃ

ื•ืงืฃ: ื›ืœืœื™ ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืื•ืงืืฃ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืืงืืฃ ื’'ื•ืืžืข ืืœ-ืงืื”ืจื” ื“ื™ื•ืืŸ ืืœ-ืื•ืงืืฃ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืื•ืงืืฃ ืžืกื’ื“ื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืื•ืงืืฃ: ืกื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืจ ื“ื™ื•ืืŸ ืืœ-ืื•ืงืืฃ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื•ืงืฃ: ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืื•ืงืืฃ ื–ื•ืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ืืŸ ืืœืื•ืงืืฃ (ืจืง ืืœื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข ืขืฉืจื”; ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœืืœื” ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“) ืคืจื˜ื™: ื•ืงืฃ: ืขื•ืœืžื ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ื•ืงืฃ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื ื”ืงืฆื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ืงืฃ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื•ืืกืชื‘ื“ืืœ ื—ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืžืืžืืช ื—ื›ืจ ย  ื•ืงืฃ: ื›ืœืœื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ ื•ืงืืœื” II 22(19); III 24(16,19) ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ืžืื II 106 (29); 68(20-21); 70(12); (35/6)? ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ ื–ืื•ื™ื” (??) VI 42 (14-15) ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ืงืฃ ืชืžื•ืจืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื“ื™ื•ืืŸ II 46(13-14) ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื•ืงืœื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช (ื‘ืืจื•ื“ื™) III 56(11-13) ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืขื™ืœื” V 30(28-31) ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืื˜'ืจ V 113(37)-114(1) ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืืŸ ืœืฉื ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื• IX 52(13-16) ื”ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช IV 45(9); V 46(23-24); IV 33(29) ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืืŸ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืกื’ื“ IV 81(17-21) ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื–ืื•ื™ื : II 71 (10-12), 83(19-20), 98(9-10), 105(24-29), 115(12),(16), 119(30-31), 22(13-15), 31(9), 37(8-9), 69(5-6) ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื•ื›ืืืœ : II 8(10-14), 22(15-29), 25(17-25), 74(24-27), 85(30-36), 92(11-13); III 24(14-21), 28(9-12), etc ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื’'ืืžืข-ืžื“ืจืกื” II 34(9-14), 38(25-26), 67(8-9), 96(1-3), 99(12-13), (19-20), 103(34), 105(23-24), 111(22/3), 113(3), 124(13) ืฆืืฆืื™ื: ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž -150 ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ II 30(17-18); III 19(15/6[6/7]); III 78(18-22) ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื V 115(24,32) ืขื‘ื“ ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ II 22(20), 25(17-19), (23) ืื—ื“ ื—'ื•ืื’'ืืช ืืœ-ืžื“ืืจืก ืืœ-ืžืœื›ื™ื” II 34(13-14) ืฉื™ื—' ืžืŸ ืขืœืžืื ืืœ-ืกืื“ื” ืืœ-ืžืืœื›ื™ื” II 98(9-10) ืฉื™ื—' ื˜ืืืคืช ืืœ-ืกืจื•ื’'ื™ื” II 103(4-5) ืฉื™ื—' ื˜ืจื™ืงืช ืืœ-ืจืคืืขื™ื” II 105(15-16) ืฉื™ื—' ื˜ืืืคืช ืืœ-ืกืžื›ืจื™ื” II 106(16-18) ืฉื™ื—' ื˜ืจื™ืงืช ืืœ-ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ื” III 18(7-8); II 6(7); VI 16(33) ืฉื™ื—' ื˜ืจื™ืงืช ืืœ-ืื—ืžื“ื™ื” III 23(7-8) ืฉื™ื—' ืกื’'ืื“ืช ืืœ-ืกืขื“ื™ื” III 117(17) ืฉื™ื—' ืืœ-ืกืื“ืืช III 77(1) ืฉื™ื—' ืืœ-ืื–ื”ืจ III 7(7-8); V 109(5) ืฉื™ื—' ืืœ-ื—ืจื™ืจื™ืŸ III 24(21) ืฉื™ื—' ืจื•ืืง ืืœ-ืฆืขืื™ื“ื” ื‘ืืœ-ืื–ื”ืจ IV 21(26) ืžืคืชื™ ืืœ-ื—ื ืคื™ื” IV 24(14) ืฉื™ื—' ืชื›ื™ืช ืืœ-ื ืงืฉื‘ื ื“ื™ื” IV 50(21) ืื—ื“ ื—'ื•ื’'ืืช ืืœ-ืžื“ืืจืก ืืœ-ืžืœื›ื™ื” IV 63(25) ืืžืื ื’'ืืžืข ืืœ-ืงืœืขื” IV 67(20) ืื—ื“ ืขืœืžืื ืืœ-ื’'ืืžืข ืืœ-ืื–ื”ืจ IV 69(13-14) ืžืคืชื™ ืืœ-ืžืืœื›ื™ื” ื‘ืืœ-ืื–ื”ืจ… ื•ื ืื˜'ืจ ืื•ืงืืฃ ืืœ-ื—ืจืžื™ืŸ IV 82(2) ื ืงื™ื‘ ืืœ-ืืฉืจืืฃ ืืœ-ืกื™ื“ ืืœ-ื‘ื›ืจื™ IV 112(10-11) ืฉื™ื—' ื—'ื“ืžืช ืืœ-ืืžืืžื™ืŸ V 4(11) ืืœ-ื ื˜'ืจ ืืœ-ืืฆื™ืœื™ ืืœ-ื—ืกื‘ื™ ? IV 82(1-3)[V 91(19-20)] ืฆืื—ื‘ ืขืžืืจืชื” ? IV 71(12-13) ืืœ-ื‘ื“ืจืื•ื™ V 3(10) ืื—ื“ ืžื“ืจืก ืืœ-ืกืื“ื” ืืœ-ื—ื ืคื™ื” ืืœ-ืื–ื”ืจ ื•ืงืืฆ'ื™ ืžื—ื›ืžื” V 14(22) ืืžืื ื’'ืืžืข ืืœ-ืงืœืขื” V 18(6-7) ืืœ-ืกืื“ืืช V 46(23-24), 110(36), 123(9), 132(28-34), 138 (24), 141(15/6) ืจืื™ืก ื˜ืืืคืช ืืœ-ื‘ื ืืื™ืŸ V 75(25-26); VII 69(33) ื—ืกืŸ ื‘ืืฉื ืืœ-ืžื ื˜ืจื™ (ื•ื›ื™ืœ ืืœ-ื“ื™ื•ืืŸ ืืœ-ื›ืชื—'ื“ืืื™) V 76(21), 84(15-16) ื•ืืœื™ ืžืฆืจ V 84(17), 85(35); VI 69(13-15) ื—ืกืŸ ื‘ืืฉื ื ืื˜'ืจ ื“ื™ื•ืืŸ ืืœ-ื“ืื—'ืœื™ื” V 85(32) ืื—ื“ ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืœ-ืžื—ื›ืžื” ืืœ-ื›ื‘ืจื V 113(36) ืฉื™ื—' ืืœ-ืœื—ืื“ื™ืŸ (ืงื‘ืจื ื™ื?) V 133(15) ืืœ-ื”ื•ืืจื™ ืืœ-ืžื˜ืจื‘ื™ V 147(3) ืžืืงืช ื’'ืืžืข ืงืืœืื•ืŸ VI 9(35-36) ืžื—'ื–ื ื’'ื™ ืืœ-ืžื˜ื‘ืขื” ืืœ-ื›ื‘ืจื ื‘ื‘ื•ืœืืง VI 17(28-29) ืืœ-ืกืช ื–ื”ืจื” ืื‘ื ืช ืืœ-ืžืจื—ื•ื ืžืฆื˜ืคื ื‘ืืฉื IV 19(7) ืื—ื“ ืขืœืžืื ืืœ-ืกืื“ื” ืืœ-ืžืืœื›ื™ื” IV 24(9-10)(12-13) ืืžืจืื” ืชืจื›ื™ื” VI 26(28/9) ืื—ื“ ืืœ-ืžื“ืจืกื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœ-ื’'ืืžืข ืืœ-ืื–ื”ืจ VI 27(18) ืฉื™ื—' ื—'ื“ืžืช ืืœ-ืฆ'ืจื™ืข ืืœ-ื ืคื™ืกื™ VI 28(6-7) ืื–ื”ืจื™ ืžืืœื›ื™ VI 32(35-36) ืฆื‘ืืข' VI 33(18), 35(23-24) ื–ืื•ื™ืช ืืœ-ืฉื™ื—' ืœืงืจื‘ื”ื ืžืŸ ื“ืืจื” VI 37(16) ื•ืงืฃ ืืœ-ืงืฆืจ V 42(2), 47(2) ื ืื˜'ืจ ืื•ืงืืฃ ืืœ-ืกื™ื“ื™ืŸ VI 5(6) ืื‘ืจื”ื™ื ืื“ื”ื ื ืื˜'ืจ ืื•ืงืืฃ ืืœ-ื—ืจืžื™ืŸ VI 62(16); XII 5(36) ืื—ืžื“ ืžื ื” ืืœืœื” ืืœ-ืžืืœื›ื™ (ื ืื˜'ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืงืืฃ ืจื‘ื™ื) VI 59(34) ืฉื™ื—' ืืœ-ื˜ืืืคื” ืืœ-ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ื” VI 42(25) ืฉื™ื—' ืจื•ืืง ืืœ-ืืชืจืื› ื‘ืืœ-ืื–ื”ืจ VI 59(13) ืืœ-ืฉื™ื—' ืืœ-ืฉื‘ื˜ื (ืืกื™ื•ื˜) XII 104(14) ื—'ื•ื’'ื” ืืœ-ืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืืœ-ืžื“ืจืกื” ืืœ-ื—ืจื‘ื™ื” ืืœ-ื—'ื“ื™ื•ื™ื” XVIII 14(34) ืฉื™ื—' ืืœ-ืชื›ื™ื” VI 56(23,29), 57(22) ืืœ-ืฉื™ื—' ืืœ-ืคื™ื•ืžื™ …ืชืฆืจืฃ ืคื™ ืื•ืงืืฃ ืื‘ื™ื”ื (ื–ื•ื’'ืชื”) XIV 93(22) ื•ืงืฃ ืขื•ืฆืจ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ II 71(10-12) ื•ืงืฃ ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžื›ืš ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื ื›ืกื™ื• ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” โ€“ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืชืง ื”ืงืฉืจ IV 44(19-28) ื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืกื•ืืฅ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืจ XII 93(19-20) ื ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื›ื™ืœ : ืืœืžื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื—ืžื“ ื›ืชื—'ื“ื ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื•ืงืคื™ื” ืข"ื™ ืขื‘ื“ ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื” 1716 V 76(11-14) ื•ืงืฃ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืžื•ืœื“- ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ืช ืื™ืฉื” ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™ IV 117(19) ื•ืงืฃ ืฉืขืจืื ื™- ืžื˜ืจื” ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ื›ื•' V 34(6-19) ืฆื•ืคื™ื vs ืžื“ืจืกื” : ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื•ืงืฃ ืœืžืขืŸ ืžื“ืจืกื” ืœื—'ืื ืงืื” ืฆื•ืคื™ืช (ื•ืงืฃ ืืงื‘ื’ื 1340) IV 19(15-16) ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืื•ืงืืฃ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ (ื“ื™ื•ืืŸ) ืืœ-ืื•ืงืืฃ II 25(3-6) ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื•ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ IX 52(5-36); X 41(23-29); XII 94(7-9) ืžืงื‘ืœ ื“ื•"ื— ืžื ื˜'ืืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื V 68(6) ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืฆื“ ื•ืืœื™ ืžืฆืจ = ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืืŸ VI 69(13-15) ื–ื•ืื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ "ืืœ-ืื•ืงืืฃ" II 22(7-15), 34(15), 36(26) ื•ื›ืืืœ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ " ืืœืื•ืงืืฃ"II 8(10-14), 22(15-29), 25(17-25), 38(20-21), 74(23-24), 85(30-36), 92(13), 95(26-27), 76(12) ืžืกื’ื“ื™ื ื•ื ืกืคื—ื™ื”ื II 23(32-33), 31(16-17), 34(17) ืกื’'ื™ืœ III 38(15-16) ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืืงืืฃ ื’'ื•ืืžืข ืืœ-ืงืื”ืจื” (ืื™ื ื• ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื–ื”ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืœื” ืฉื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื ื—ืจื‘ื• ื•ืื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื™ื ื• ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืกื’ื“ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—'ื“ื™ื• ืืกืžืืขืœ ืื• "ื•ืงืฃ ืืœ-ืงืฆืจ") ื“ื™ื•ืืŸ ืืœ-ืื•ืงืืฃ IV 54(6), 54(16), 56(8), 57/9[II 23(32)], 60/61[II 103(2)], 65(11), 65(17/20)[III 28(30/31)], 65(24), 65(26), 70(20), 71(36), 72(30), 74(19), 81(15)[III49(11)], 86(31), 89(5,20,27), 99(4), 99(13), 107(29), 109(91)[III87(34)], 110(22), 110(32), 114(18), 115(31), 119(10); V 3(21), 3(26), 4(13), 4(20)[6-7][III16(33)], 15(7), 16(25-26), 18(13), 22(3), [22(36), 23(6-7)], 30(28-31), 31(19)[III 92(31), 37(7-33)], 38(18), 38(31), 39(20), 41(8-29) [III57(31)], 41(32/3), 43/4[II 109(36)], 44(12), 44(20), 46(24), 46(26), 61(29), 61(6)[II 24(25)] V 66(32), 69(27), 75(13), 75(14)[III 96(26)], 76(24), 88(10), 93(23), 93(33), 99(5), 101(24), 102(1), 103(8)[II 92(5)], 108(35), 109(14), 110(33), 113(37)-114(1), 115(13), 116(3), 121(4), 122(14), 123(31/2), 124(18), 124/32[II 31(17/8)], 133(17), 135(5), 146(33) ืกื”"ื› 76 ืคืจื˜ื™ ย IV 9(33), 45(14), 48(23), 48(27), 50(3), 50(9), 50(21), 54(4), 54(28), 59(32), 60(29/30), 61(18), 63(24/5), 64(23/4), 65(9), 65(16/7), 66(6), 66(20), 67(20), 68(10), 68(13), 69(13), 69(14f)[II6(7)], 69(32), 70(6), 71(12/3), 71(15/6), 71(28), 73(15), 73(35), 75(30), 76(35), 78(29-32), 82(1-2), 87(14), 87(17), 99(8), 102(11), 102(13/4), 107(25), 108(17-20), 109(16), 112(10-11), 112(13), 113(8), 113(33), 119(4), 119/20 [III 78(18-22)], 120(18) V 2(11), 3(10), 4(11), 14(22), 15(1), 15(3), 18(6-7), 20(34-35), 21(1), 21(25), 21(34), 32(19), 34(18-19), 34(20), 46(7), [46(8-10)], 46(11), 47(8), 47(31-32), 47(38), 49(23), 50(16), 51(8), 58(15), 58(23/4), 58(30), 58(33/4), 59(5), 67(17), 68(4), 68(5), 68(31/2), 75(25/6), 76(21), 87(17), 88(15), 89(32-33), 93(11-12), 94(37), 95(4), 96(16), 98(12), 102(12), 102(10), 109(23-24), 110(36), 112(17)[II 75(9)], 112(22), 113(4)[III 85(25)], 115(5), 115(32), 121(7), 123(6), 123(9), 133(15), 137(34), 144(15/6), 147(3), 147(10), 147(15-17) ืกื”"ื› 108 ย ื“ื™ื•ืืŸ 76 184 ย ื‘ืœืชื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื : 72 ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืื•ืงืืฃ ืžืกื’ื“ื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ VI 69(33)[70(5)], [70(7)], [70(11)], [70(22/3)], 70(24), [70(28)], [70(36)-71(1)] ื“ื™ื•ืืŸ VI 69(25/6), [70(15)], [70(19)], 70(21), [70(25)], [70(27)], 70(32/3), 70(35); VII 71(5-6) ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™ VII 70(8), [70(17)], 70(27), [70(29)], [70(30)], [70(32/4)], [70(35)] ืืœื” ืจืง ื”ืžืกื’ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืงื‘ืจื™ื VII 71(1-10) ื‘ืœืชื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื: 11. ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืื•ืงืืฃ: ืกื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืจ ื“ื™ื•ืืŸ ืืœ-ืื•ืงืืฃ VI 58(17), 58(22/3)[II103(30)], 59(1), 59(17), 59(28), 59(29), 59(32), 60(4/5), 61(7-8), 61(14f)[II116(21)], 62(9-10), 62(19), 62(23), 63(8), 64(4),

ืžืจืงื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™

ืžืจืงื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™: ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืืฉืจืืฃ ืขืœืžืื ืขืจื™ ืฉื“ื”: ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืงื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ย  ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื VII 91(31-33) ื›ื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ VII 91(28)-92(4) ืคื•ืขืœื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื X 31(25) ื™ื–ืžื™ื ย  ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™ XIV 82(33-36) ื‘ื™ืช ืžื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™, ื–ืจื™ื, ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื” XV 20(8-16) ืคืงื™ื“ ืจื•ืคื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื’ื ื›ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ XVII 4(24-25) ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืื‘ืื–ื” ื”ืชืขืฉืจื” (XIV 2-5) ื•ืขื•ืกืงืช ืžืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืื“ืžื•ืช ื•ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช XIV 4(3), ื•ืื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกืงื™ ืืœ-ื–ืจืข ื•ื—ืœื’' ืืœ-ืงื˜ืŸ 4(17) XIV ื™ื–ืžื™ื II 71(10-12) ื‘ื™ืช ื“ืคื•ืก ืคืจื˜ื™ III 20(25-26) ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™"ื— ืฉืœ ืžื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™ ืžืงื™ื ืžืคืขืœ ืžืฉืœื• III 29([15-], 28-30); ืจืื” ื’ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื’ื III 55(28-29) ืืจืžื ื™ ืงื‘ืœืŸ X 56(21) ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ืขืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืจื•ืฉืช XV 11(25-27) ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžืงื™ืžื™ื ืžืคืขืœื™ื XI 89 (13-14) ื•ืื‘ื•ืจ XII (63(20/1)] ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืžืงื™ืžื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” XI 93(33-35); XII 104 (16/7) ื–ืจื™ื XI 93(36)-94(16) ย  ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ื–ืงืื–ื™ืงXI 93(27-30) ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื–ืื•ื™ื” ื‘ืืกื™ื•ื˜ XII 103(11) ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื’ื“ ื‘ื˜ืœื—'ื XIII 33(17) ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื-ืคืงื™ื“ื™ืVIII 2(7-9) ืื ืฉื™ ื›ืคืจ ืฉืœื ืื‘ื” ืืœ-ื•ืงืฃ ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื (ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช) ื‘ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืคืจ VIII 2(7-12) ืกื•ื—ืจ ืžืขืกื™ืง ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื (ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื™ืœื™ืช) VIII 22(33)-23(5), 67(9-11); XVII 7(5-6) ืกื•ื—ืจื™ ื›ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื™ืœื™ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืงื”ื™ืจ IX 94 ืจืืฉ ื”ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื ืคืœื•ื˜ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช XV 96(8-10) ืกื•ื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ืจืกื™ื ื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืจ ืžื›ืคืจ ื‘ื’ื™ื–ื” XVII 61(30-31) ืžืžื•ืฆื ื›ืคืจื™ โ€“ ืขื‘ืจ ืœืงื”ื™ืจ VIII 88(3-5) ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจ VIII 26(22), 95(22); XVI 81(1) ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ ื”ืฉื“ื” XII 103(36), 104(16/7) ืกื•ื—ืจ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืจII 68(30-34) ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืจืฆื™ืฃ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืกื•ื—ืจ ืขื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื• ืจื•ื›ืฉ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืฉืื” ื‘ื ื“ืจ[1] ื”ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื III 18(10-15) ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื—ืจ โ€“ ืฉืื” ื‘ื ื“ืจ ืงื”ื™ืจ III 38(1-5) ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžื—ืจื•ืงื™ ืขื“ ืœื™ืจื™ื“ืชื” (ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ืŸ 1818) III 42(11)-44(15) ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืœ-ื”ื’'ื™ืŸ III 54(30)-55(9) ืกื•ื—ืจื™ ืืกื™ื•ื˜ ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 XII 103(10-11) ืกื•ื—ืจื™ ื˜ื”ื˜ื ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ื”ื ืขื ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” XIII 51(35-36) ืกื•ื—ืจื™ ืžื ื–ืœื” XV 77(17-19) ย  ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืืฉืจืืฃ ย  ย ื—'ืœืืคืช ืืœ-ืกืื“ื” ืืœ-ื‘ื›ืจื™ื” ื•ื ืงืื‘ืช ืืœ-ืกืื“ื” ืืœ-ืืฉืจืืฃ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžื‘ืืจื› III 123(11-15) ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืกื“ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ืืœ-ืžืฉื™ื—'ื” ืืœ-ื‘ื›ืจื™ื” ื’ื ืฉื™ื—'ื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ ืงื•ืจืืŸ ื•ื›ื•' III 130(26-30) ื”ืžื•ืœืื“ ืฉื”ื‘ื›ืจื™ื” ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื III 131-134 ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืจ ืืœ-ื“ืฉื˜ื•ื˜ื™ III 133(29)-134(5) ืžื•ืœืื“ ืื—ืจื™ื III 134(6-15) ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื›ืจื™ื”, ืืจื’ื•ื ื”, ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื™ื, ื ื›ืกื™ื”ื (ืื•ืงืืฃ) III 134(22)-135(2) ืืœ-ืกืื“ืืช ืืœ-ื™ืคืื™ื” โ€“ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื’ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืฆ'ื” XVIII 11(26-28) ืกืื“ืืช II 46(21), 47(3); V 123(8-9), 138ff ื•ืงืฃ ืกืื“ืืช V 132(28-34) ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื‘ื›ืจื™ III 112(24)-113(21), 121ff ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ื›ืคื•ืœ ืœืื‘ื• ื‘ื›ืจ ื•ืœื—ืกืŸ III 123(15-36) ืขืœื™ ืืœ-ื‘ื›ืจื™ (1880-1814) ื‘ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื ื›ืกื™ื III 124(20-23) ืœืคื™ ืกืคืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืœ-ื‘ื›ืจื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘-1287 (1870/1): "ื›ืœ ืืœ-ืื ืกืื‘ ื“ืื—'ืœื”ื ืืœ-ื›ื“'ื‘ ืืœ-ืืŸ ืืœ-ืื ืกื‘ื” ืืœ-ื‘ื›ืจื™ื” ืœืœ-ืฆื“ื™ืง ืคืื ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ื—ื” ืžืงื˜ื•ืข ื‘ื”ื" (ืืœ-ืฉื™ื—' ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ืกืœืื ืืœ-ืœืงืื ื™ ) III 121(30-32) ย  "ืฉืจื™ืฃ" ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืžืจื“ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืื™ืกืžืขื™ืœ XIV 53(24)f, 95(6-13) ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืืฉืจืืฃ โ€“ ืื ืฆืืจ XIII 52(10-23) ื ืงื™ื‘ ืืœ-ืืฉืจืืฃ ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืืกืชื ื‘ื•ืœ (ื’'ื‘ืืจืชื™) XV 28(32-33) ื ืงื™ื‘ ืืฉืจืืฃ, ื‘ืขืจื™ ื”ืฉื“ื” VIII 39(10-11)(15); XIII 52(13, 4, 17); XV 90(19)[2]; 96(6-8)[3] ืืฉืจืืฃ โ€“ ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ ื”ืฉื“ื” VIII 31(21); X 53(37); XIII 52(10-18), 53(21-24, 30-32); XIV 121(11); XV 72(14), 77(21), 92(29), 95(23), (30); XVII 25(22) ื ืงื™ื‘ ืืฉืจืืฃ ื‘ื›ืคืจ VIII 30(13-14) ืืฉืจืืฃ ื•ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื VIII 44(23); IX 84(8-9), 98(3-4); X 65(22); XI 15(23), 18(20), 64(36), 69(28), 84(13, 18/9); XII 4(20-31), 51(31)(33), 96(3-5)(15), 137(24); XIII 24(8), 40(28); XV 10(12-27), 79(10-11) ืขืœืžืื ย  ืขืœืžืื XVII 14(35)-15(4) ืขืœืžืื ืžืžื•ืฆื ื›ืคืจื™ VIII 22(36/7), 27(3-11), 29(15f), 34(36)-35(3), 73(36)-74(4), 103(30)-104(8)[4], 104(10-12); IX 2(18)-3(12), 3(14-15), 77(37)-78(2), 78(7-13), 78(17-19), 86(37)-87(5), [94(24-25)],[5] 96(24)-97(16); X 66(27-28), 99(1-6); XI 9(29f)-10(8), 69(28-31), 84(22-37); XII 19(22-28), 39(11-25), 122-23, 148(12-13); XIII 31(13-15), 62(22-25), 63(6-11), 63(24)f; XIV 114(6-20), 125(34-37), 139(26)-140(28), 141(27-32), 141(34)-142(19)?; XV 10(18-27), 11(5-21), 34(18-19), 40(15)-41(2); XVI 62(22/3), 63(23/4), 78(27-35); ืžืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืคืจ [XII 96(8-14); XIV 37(19-35), 96(7)-97(17), [95(17/20) ืขืืœื ื‘ืŸ ืขืืœื II 6(15-20); VIII 29(15)-30(10), 27(3-11); IX 33(23f); IX 78(7-13); XI 14(14-16); [XII 118(29)]; XIII 46(26-28); XIV 139(26)-140(28), 141(18/9); XV 10(18-27), 40(15-38), 96(5-6); XVI 63(23/4); XVII 12 ืขืœืžืื ืื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” XI 14(20); 69(28-31) ืขืืœื ื‘ืŸ ืกื•ื—ืจ VIII [87]88(3-5) ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืœืžืื VIII 27(3-11); IX 37(32-36); XIII 52(18-32)f, 53passim; XIV 96(7)-97(17); XV 96(6-8); XVI 71(30)f ืฉืืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื•ืกืงื™ื VIII 22(36/7) ืืฉืจืืฃ XIII 52(14)f; XV 10(12-27); XVII 25(22) ย  ืงืฆืจ ืœืฉื ื”ืืจื—ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžื•ืœื“ XI 7(5-6) ื‘ื™ืช ืžืคื•ืืจ ืœื”ืืจื—ื” ืชืื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ XIV 95(17-20) ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื•ืืง ืžืขื™ื ื” XI 7(10-11) ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืงืจืงืข XVI 73(17); XVII 15(4) ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื›ื•ืฉ XIII 46(25); XIV 37(31-33), 140(25/6) ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 XIII 52(25-29), 53(33) ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช XI 84(30); XV 11(12-18); XVII 12(25-32) ืืžืืžื™ื ืืฆืœ ืืœ-ื”ืœื” ืžืฉืจืชื™ ืžืฆ'ืื™ืฃ XVII 25(18-22) ืžื—ื•ืกืจื™ ื ื›ืกื™ื ื•ืขื ื™ื™ื XI 84(32-33); XIV 141(30-32) ืื•ืœื™ ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืขืœื ื•ืขืกืงื• ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื”ื. ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืื‘ืื–ื” XIV 4(19-22), 4(37)-5(2), 5(10-11) ืฉื™ื—' ืจื•ืืง ืืœ-ืฆืขืื“ื™ื” ื‘ืืœ-ืื–ื”ืจ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืขื“ื™ IV 21(26-30) ืžืงืจืืช ืืœ-ืืžืื ืืœ-ืœื™ืช'ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ืœื’'ื” XI 20(4-7) ื”ืฉื™ื—'ื™ื ืžืชืžืกืจื™ื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืœื“ืชื ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื™ื—'ื™ื ืขืฆืœื ื™ื IV 30(9-14) ื”ืื–ื”ืจ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžื˜ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ื•ืก IV 40(22-26) ืขืืœื ืฆื•ืคื™ XIII 63(29); XIV 96(7)- 97(17), 139(26)-140(28)[6]; IX 96(30)-97(3); XIII 46(18-26), 62(22-24), 63(6-11) ืขืืœื ืฆื•ืคื™, ืžืื” ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื”, ืœืคื™ ื’'ื‘ืืจืชื™ XV 35(21-32) ื”ืฉื™ื—'ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœ-ืื–ื”ืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื•ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช IV 34(32)-36(17) ื”ืฉื™ื—'ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœ-ืื–ื”ืจ ื•ืžื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™ IV 37(17)-38(3) ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” (1807=1222) ืฉื™ื—' ืขืืœื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืžืœืชื–ืžื™ื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ืื“ืžื•ืชื™ื• IX 89(13-17); IV 64(3-12) ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืืคื™ื•ืช (ืจืื” ื’ื "ืขืœืžื ืžืžื•ืฆื ื›ืคืจื™") II 6(15-20); IV 38(11)-40(13), 78(34)-79(26); V 94(2-33); VIII 27(3-11), 29(15)-30(10), 87(21)-88(5); IX 33(23)-34(17); XII 118(1-34)[7]; XIII 52-53; XVI 71/2 ืขืœืžืื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18 ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”- 19 (ืœืคื™ ื’'ื‘ืืจืชื™) XV 7(32f), 27(23f), ืชื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช 44(14-23) XV ืžื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™ ืžืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืืช ืขื•ืฉืจื (ื“ื•ืื—'ืœื”) XV 28 ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ืฉื™ื—' ืืœ-ืื–ื”ืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ืžื ื•; ืขืœืžืื ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” IV 31(21-24)(33-35), 33(6-8) ืฆืืฆืื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืขืœืžืื ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” (ืืœ-ื’'ื•ื”ืจืžื™) ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืงืฃ ืขืฆื•ื IV 77-79 ืขืืœื โ€“ ืžื‘ื™ืช ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื’ืจื’ื (ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื”) X 53 (27-32) ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื XIII 52(25-29), 53(33) ืขืฉืจื• ื•ื ื›ืกื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจืงืื•ื™ ื•ืืœ-ืคื™ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข ืขืฉืจื” (ืœืคื™ ื’'ื‘ืืจืชื™) XIII 63(37/38), 64(10-15), 64(24-32); XIV 93(11)-94(1) ืขืจื™ ืฉื“ื”: ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ย  ืกืžื ื•ื“ โ€“ ื‘ื“ืจืื•ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื XII 49(1)-50(17) ืกื•ื”ืื’' ืืœ-ืขืืจืฃ ื•ืฆืืฆืื™ื• XII 66(5-16) ืืกื™ื•ื˜ โ€“ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืชื•ืจื›ื™ื•ืช XII 104(27/8) ื˜ื ื˜ื – ืืœ-ื—'ืื“ื XIII 47(22)-48(8),(20) ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื ื˜ื XIII 47-48 passim ื˜ื”ื˜ื XIII 52(10)ff ืงืœื™ื•ื‘ ืืœ-ืฉื•ืืจื‘ื™ XIV 116-118

ืื™ืจื™ืก ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืจ-ืจื•ื ืŸ: ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ ื›ื›ื•ื— ื—ืชืจื ื™ ื•ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ "ืœืืŸ ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•"? (ื ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื›ื™ 2011)

ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ื. ืœื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื™ืžื“ ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ ื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื”. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ืงืจื™ืืช ืชื’ืจ. ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื•ืคื” ืžื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ืงืจื‘ื”, ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ ืกื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™. ื›ื•ื—ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื›ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ย  ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœืขืจืขืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื›ื•ืชื‘ื•ืช ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ ื›ืœื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™. ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ื•ื— ืจื‘-ื’ื•ื ื™, ื—ืชืจื ื™ ื•ืžืฉื—ืจืจ.[i] ื›ื•ืชื‘ื•ืช ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžืจืชื” ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆื—ื•ืง ื”ื ืฉื™ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื”ืคืจืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื— ื•ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ืืœื™ืช.[ii] ย ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื–ืจื—-ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžืจื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ืœื™ื•ืช.ย  ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืจืขืจย  ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœื—ืชื•ืจ ืชื—ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ย  "ืœืืŸ ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•" (2011) ืกืจื˜ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืžืื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ืช ื ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื›ื™, ื‘ืžืื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืกืจื˜ "ืงืจืืžืœ" (2007) [iii] ืžืฉื•ืคืข ื‘ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื. ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื•ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื• ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื–ื”. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืžืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉ ืืœื” ื‘ืืœื”, ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืœืžืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื”. ื”ืŸ ืžื›ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื—ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืžื ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชืœืงื— ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืœื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉื—ืชืช ื”ืžืกื’ื“ ืื• ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื” ื”ืŸ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ื— ืžื”ื ืืช ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ืŸ ืžื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืคืจ ื ืขืจื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช. ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืชืงืœื” ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื”ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื›ืš "ื ืืœืฆืช" ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื” ืื•ืจื—ืช ืื—ืช ืœืœื™ืœื”. ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื—ื‘ืื™ื ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื•ืžืฉื”ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื’ื•ืชย  ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข, ื”ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืœืงื. ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ืืคื•ื, ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื”ื‘ืžืื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืงื™,ย  ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื›ื›ืœื™ย  ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืย  ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืกืจื˜. ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื™ืฉื ื ืจื’ืขื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืจืžื” ื•ืขืฆื‘, ืฉืœ ื™ืื•ืฉ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชืงื•ื•ื”. ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช. ย  ืฉื™ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื•ื ืขื ื”ืกืชืจืช ื’ื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ืžื™ืจื™ ืฆืœืฃ, ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืขืคืืฃ, ืืœืžื ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื” ืฉื—ื•ืฉืฉืช ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืœื ืงื•ื ืืช ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืจื™ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ื—ืฆืช ืืช ื’ื•ืคืชื• ื•ืžื—ื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื‘ืืจ ื‘ื›ืคืจ,ย  ื”ื™ื ื ื™ื’ืฉืช ืœื›ื ืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืกืฆื™ื ื” ืžืจื’ืฉืช ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื” ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืคืกืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื˜ื™ื—ื” ืœืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ื›ืขืก ื•ื‘ื‘ื›ื™:" ืžื” ืขืฉื™ืช ื›ืฉื”ืจื’ื• ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื‘ืŸ? ืœืš ืœื ืื™ื›ืคืช, ื‘ื ืš ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ืฉืœื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื. ืชื—ื–ื™ืจื™ ืœื™ ืื•ืชื•."ย  ืกืฆื™ื ื” ื–ื• ืฉื–ื›ืชื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื‘ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื”ย  ืงืจื™ืืช ืชื™ื’ืจ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื“ืช, ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืกืฆื™ื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื— ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืžื’ืœื” ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื•, ื•ืืžื• ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื ื• ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ืื™ื•ืžื™ื• ืœื ืงื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ ืื—ื™ื•, ื—ื•ื˜ืคืช ืืช ื”ื ืฉืง ืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ื™ื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื’ืœื• ("ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื™ื‘ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื“"). ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ืคืฆื™ืคื™ืกื˜ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ. ื’ื ืืžืืœ (ื ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื›ื™) ื ื•ื–ืคืช ื‘ื›ืขืก ื‘ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื•ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืขืžืชื™ืย  ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื” ย ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงืคื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืžื ื”ืœืชย  ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื”ื "ื—ื•ืœื™ื’ื ื™ื" ื•ืžื’ืจืฉืช ืื•ืชื "ืœืžื•ืช ืœื™ื“ ื‘ืชื™ื›ื ื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงืคื” ืฉืœื™". ื”ืกืจื˜ ืžื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืขืฆื™ื ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชืŸ ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ืŸย  ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื, ืืœื ื‘ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ื–ื•ื, ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ, ื•ืœืงื—ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื›ืคืจ. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืฆื™ื ืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืืš ื—ื•ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืขืœื™ื”ื ืคืจื—ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ืืš ื”ืกืจื˜ ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืฉื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืชื‘ื“ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ, ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ื. ืงื˜ืขื™ ืคืจื•ื“ื™ื” ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ื™ืย  ืžืฆืจื™ื™ืย  ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœืกืจื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—'ืืœื“ ืžื•ื–ืื ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืžืื™ืช ื ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื›ื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืœืกืจื˜ ื ื™ื—ื•ื— ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื•ื”ื ืื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืงืฉื”. ืกืฆื™ื ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื‘ื” ืžื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื“ืชืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช ืžืชืœื‘ืฉื•ืช ื›ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืกืฆื™ื ื” ื”ื•ืžื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ืงื•ืžื™ืช. ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืœืžืจืื” ืืฉืชื• ืœื‘ื•ืฉื” ื‘ื—ื’'ืื‘ ื•ืžืชืคืœืœืช ืฉื•ืืœ ืื•ืชื”:"ืืช ืขื•ืฉื” ื™ื•ื’ื”?" ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืœื‘ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”: ื”ืื ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉืงื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ื? ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื™ื’ื“ืจื™ืช ื•ื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื›ื™. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื›ืคืจื™ืžื•ืจื“ื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื. ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืžืื“ื™ื ื ืฉื™ื ืžื ื’ื”. ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ย  ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื ืŸ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืฆื™ืคื™ื–ื ื”ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื˜ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื“ืจ, ืœืชืงืŸ ื•ืœืื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื. ืื’ื‘, ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืกืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื›ืŸ ืžื ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกื’ื“ ืฉื”ื•ืฉื—ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืย  ืœืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืืš ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื ืœื›ื ื•ืขื•ืชย  ื•ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช. ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืงื™ "ืงืจืืžืœ" ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ: ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชย  ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ืŸย  ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื–ื• ื•ืžืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืื. "ื‘ืงืจืืžืœ", ืื—ืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช, ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื ื™ืกืจื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืื™ื—ื•ื™ ืงืจื•ื ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ืŸ ืขืจื‘ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื”. ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ืขืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื•ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื”ย  ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื”. ื’ื ื‘"ืœืืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•" ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืžืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื (ืžื—ื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื”,ืžืกืžืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ื–ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ื›ืคืจ). ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ืกืžื™ื ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ืืœื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช. ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขื•ืงืคื•ืช ืื•ืชื”. ื–ื”ื• ืžืกืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื ืฉื™ ย ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืื ืœื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช,ืœืจื›ืš ืื•ืชื”. ืืš ื ื“ืžื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืชย ย  ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžืชื—ื™ื ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืขื“ืชื™ื™ื ืœื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืจืก ื•ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ื–ื”ื• ื’ื ืžืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืืœื™ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ. ื ื•ืฉื ืžืขื ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื• ืขื•ืกืง ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœื–ืจื™ื ื•ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืœืžืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื•ืช. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืฉืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฉืคื ื™ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืฉืŸ ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืคืจ (ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช) ืžื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืŸ, ืืš ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช, ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ื ื” "ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช" ื•ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”"ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช" ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื•ืช, ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืคืฉื˜ื ื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ืช ืงืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ืžื–ืจื— . ื›ืฆื•ืคื™ื, ืื ื• ื’ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฉื ื›ื™ ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ืช (ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช) ื”ื ื—ืฉืœืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ื›ื—ื•ืช . ื‘ื•ืืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ืœื›ืคืจ ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื–ืขื–ืข ื•ืœืขืจืขืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืœืกืงืก, ืกืžื™ื ื•ืจื•ืงื ืจื•ืœ. ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืคืจ ืงื•ืจืื•ืช ืชื™ื’ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื’ืจื•ืชย  ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชืŸ ืžืชืจื™ืกื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื. ื–ื”ื• ืกืจื˜ ืขืœ ืื—ื•ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ื“ืชื•ืช. ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ืŸ

ืื™ืจื™ืก ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืจ ืจื•ื ืŸ: "ืงืคื˜ืŸ ืื‘ื•-ืจืื™ื“" โ€“ื—ืœื•ืฅ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™

ื‘-2007 ื™ืฆื ืœืืงืจื ื™ื ื”ืกืจื˜ "ืงืคื˜ืŸ ืื‘ื• ืจืื™ื“" ืกืจื˜ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ ืืžื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืืœืงื” ื”ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช. ืกืจื˜ ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืกืจื˜ ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืžืœื ืฉืฆื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืขืœ ืื“ืžืช ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื’ื ืœื—ืœื•ืฅ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื™ืฆืื• ืœืืงืจื ื™ื ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื™ืจื“ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืกื™ื•ืข ืžื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ( RFC=Royal Film Commission ) ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘-2003 ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืขืœื™ ืื—ื™ื• ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืขื‘ื“ืืœืœื” ื•ืืฉืชื• ืจื™ื. ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื–ื• ืฉืžื” ืœื” ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืœืงื“ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื™ืจื“ื ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื‘ื”ืคืงืชื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื™ืจื“ื ื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ืœืžื™ื ืขืœ ืื“ืžืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ื”ืืฉืžื™ืช. "ืื—ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ืืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื”", ืื•ืžืจ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“, ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื”ืคืงื” ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื”. "ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืคืงื• ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื™ืžืœืื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ืช". ื”ืขืœื™ืœื”: ืื‘ื•-ืจืื™ื“, ืื•ืชื• ืžื’ืœื ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืžืžื•ืฆื ื™ืจื“ื ื™ ื ื“ื™ื ืกื•ืืœื—ื”, ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืขืžืืŸ. ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื•ืžืชื•ืกื›ืœ, ื ืจืื” ืฉื—ืœื•ืžื• ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืœื”ืชื’ืฉื ย ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื•ืฆื ืื‘ื•-ืจืื™ื“ ื›ื•ื‘ืข ื˜ื™ื™ืก ื‘ืคื— ื”ื–ื‘ืœ. ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื‘ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื“ืจื›ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”. ื™ืœื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื•ืจืฅ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืœืžื—ืจืช, ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ืื‘ื•-ืจืื™ื“ ืœื“ืคื™ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ืœืชื•. ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืžืกืขื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืื‘ื•-ืจืื™ื“, ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืื›ื–ื‘ื, ืžืชื—ื–ื” ืœื˜ื™ื™ืก ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืœื”ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืžื™ืฆื” ื ืจืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื•-ืจืื™ื“ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ. ืืœื ืฉืžื•ืจืื“ – ืื™ืฉ ื–ื•ืขื ื•ืžืžื•ืจืžืจ, ืื™ื ื• ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืžืชืงื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื ืฉืžื ื—ื™ืœ ืื‘ื•-ืจืื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืžืชื™ื™ื“ื“ ืื‘ื•-ืจืื™ื“ ืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืกืช ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื•ืฉืืคืชื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื ื•ืจ ( ืื•ืชื” ืžื’ืœืžืช ืžื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืจื ื ืกื•ืœื˜ืืŸ.) ื ื•ืจ ื‘ืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื” ืจื•ื•ืงื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ื•ืžื›ืจื™ื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืœื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืš. ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืขื ืื‘ื• ืจืื™ื“ ืื ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืขืžืืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืœืคื™ื™ื. ืกืจื˜ื• ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืืœืงื” ื–ื›ื” ืœืกื™ืงื•ืจ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ืช, ื•ืืช ื”ืงืจื ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืขืžืืŸ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2009 ื›ื™ื‘ื“ื” ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืจืื ื™ื”. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื•ืงืจืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœย  ืกืื ื“ื ืก ย ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื•ืงืจืŸย  ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื’ืจืฃ ืืช ื”ืคืจืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ื‘ืื™ ื•ื ืžื›ืจ ืœื”ืคืฆื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”, ืกืคืจื“, ื‘ืœื’ื™ื”, ื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ, ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช, ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื•ื’ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืขื•ืจืขืจืช ืฉืœ "ืงืคื˜ืŸ ืื‘ื• ืจืื™ื“" ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจ ืขืžืืŸ. ืื‘ื• ืจืื™ื“ ืืžื ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืฆื ื•ืขื”, ืืš ืžืŸ ื”ืžืจืคืกืช ืฉืœื” ื ืฉืงืฃ ื ื•ืฃ ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืกืจื˜ ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืฅ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื”, ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœื” ื•ืœืฆืืช ืœืกื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”. ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ ืฉืžืชื ื•ืคืฃ ื‘ืกืฆื™ื ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื ื•ืคื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืžื˜ืืœืงื” ื™ื“ืข ื›ื™ ืกืจื˜ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ืช ื•ืจืฆื” ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš. "ื›ืฉืฆื™ืœืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ืจื’ืฉื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื” 50 ืฉื ื”", ืื•ืžืจ ืžื˜ืืœืงื”. "ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ืืช ืขืžืืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืกืจื˜ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืžืœื ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• ื‘ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื—ืœืงื” ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืขืžืืŸ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื›ื™ื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืžืœื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœื” ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื” – ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื, ืืช ืฆื“ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื•ืืช ืฆื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™". ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื™ื ื• ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื’ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืชื›ื ื™ื•: ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื›ืื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ( ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืื•"ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ืจืฆื— 40 ื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืจืงืข "ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”" ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ื‘ืœื‘ื“). ื”ืกืจื˜ ืžืื™ืจ ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขื“ ื›ื” ื—ื‘ื•ื™ ื•ืœื ืžืกื•ืงืจ, ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืขืจื‘ื™. ย ื’ื ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ (ืœืคื—ื•ืช 65% ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืจื“ืŸ) ื”ื™ื• ืขื“ ื›ื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช "ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื" ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืจื—-ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™. ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื–ื• ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ืžื˜ืืœืงื” ืžืกืคืจ: "ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื‘ืื• ืžืžื—ื ื•ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื“ืŸ ,ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืจืงืข ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉืœื™ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื. ืกื™ื™ืจื ื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ืคื’ืฉื ื• ืฉื ื›-200 ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืืชื ื•ืฆื™ืœืžื ื• ืื•ืชื ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื—ืจื ื• ืžืชื•ื›ื ืืช ื”-12 ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜". ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ ื”ื ื™ื‘ ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ "ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข" ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืงืžืชื• ืฉืœย  "ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข" ย RED SEA INSTITUTE OF CINEMATIC ARTS (RSICA) ื‘ืขืงื‘ื” ื‘-2008. ื–ื”ื•ย  ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืžืœืžื“ ื•ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžืื™ื, ืชืกืจื™ื˜ืื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืฉื•ื ื™ื (ื‘ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืขืจื™ื›ื”, ืฆื™ืœื•ื, ืชืคืื•ืจื” ื•ื›ื™ื•"ื‘). ื‘ืžืื™ 2011 ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื• ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืจืื ื™ื” . ืžื ื”ืœื™ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืงื•ื ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื ื™ื ื™ืจื“ื ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื•ื• ืžื ื•ืฃ ื”ืŸ ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื™ื—ืฉืคื• ืืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ื”ืืฉืžื™ืช ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.

ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื‘ืข: ื”ืื) ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื›ื—ื“ื•(?)

ืงื™ื™ื ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ, ืฉืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ 3 – 5 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื™ื™ื›ื—ื“ื•! ื”ื•ืกืคืชื™ ืœื›ื•ืชืจืช ืžื™ืœืช ืฉืืœื” ื•ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืืœื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืœืขื™ืœ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืชืจืฉืžื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ, ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื›ื•ืชื‘, ื•ืžืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื ืžื•ืจื™ื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื, ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™. ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ื ื”ืขื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื›ืชืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจืช:"ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื•ืœื ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืœื™ืžื•ื“ – ืขืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช". ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ืขืœื™ืชื™ ื’ื ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ. ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื›ื•ืœืœ, ืœืฉื›ืช ืฉืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื“ืื–, ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื”ืชื™ื—ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืจืžืืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืขื ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ืžืื– ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœื ื”ืฉืชืคืจ, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ื”ื•ืจืข. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœืขื™ืœ ื”ื™ื, ื”ืขื“ืคืชื ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ โ€“ื”ื”ืกืชื™ื’ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ "ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืจื‘ื™". ื”ื”ืกืชื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœืช, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ื”ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื ืžืจืฆื•ื ื. ย ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื›ื™ืชื” ื™' ื›ืฉืจืžืชื ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžืื•ื“, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื ืขื•ืฆื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”/ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืืœ ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื™' ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืฉืคื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช "ืฉืœืžื“ื•" ื‘ืžืฉืš 3 ืฉื ื™ื. (ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื” โ€“ ื"ื‘, ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืืš ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ื›ืœืœ ื•ื›ื“'). ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื™' ื›ื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ื’ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ, ื›ืžืขื˜, ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืฉืคื”. ื›ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ, ืœืฆื“ ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืœื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื”, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, "ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช" ืื• "ืืกืœืื". ืืœื•, ื‘ืจื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืื• ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืžื•ืจื™ื”ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื ืœื›ื™ืชื” ื›ื–ื•. ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืœืœื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจืช, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื•ืจื”/ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ืกื™ื˜ืจ ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืืŸ ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื•. (ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื”ย  "ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืืกืœืื", ื”ื ืœืžื“ืช ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช). ืฉืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื–ื‘ื–ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ืœืื• ื”ื›ื™, ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžืฆื“ ื”ื ื”ืœื•ืช ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื. ื›ืœ ืžื ื”ืœื™/ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขืžื ืฉื•ื—ื—ืชื™ ืžืฆื”ื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืืš, ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื "ืฉื”ืฆืจื” ื”ื–ื•" ืชื™ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืื—ืจ, ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ื, ื›ืœื™ืœ, ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื›ื‘ืจ, ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื™'. ืื—ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื–ื™ืœื–ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื”, ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ืื• ื”ืžืจื•ืžื–ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื, ืžืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื™', ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจ, ื’ื ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื’ืฉืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช….ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ืžื›ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื ื™ื—ืชื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื™"ื โ€“ ื™"ื‘, ืขื ื”ื›ืœืœืช ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืขืจืš "ื”ื‘ื•ื ื•ืก" ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื—ืช. ย  ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช,ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช, ืฆื”"ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื” (ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืฉืจืช ื‘ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ). ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื›ืš ื—ืกืจืช ืขืจืš, ื›ืžืขื˜. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื˜ืœ"ืž (ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืคื•ืขืœืช ืœ โ€“ "ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžื–ืจื—ื ื•ืช") ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืขื™ืžื ืœืงืจืืช ื’ื™ื•ืก, ืืš ืœื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“. ื›ื ืจืื”, ืฉื”ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืœืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืฆื”"ืœ ืขื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื. ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื™', ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื—ืช, ืœืœื ื”ืžืฉืš, ื”ื•ื, ื‘ืจื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื—ืกืจ ื›ืœ ืขืจืš, ื•ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื• ืืฆืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™. ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืงื‘ืฅ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืฉื™ืฆื“ื™ืงื• ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžื’ืžื” ืœืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื™"ื โ€“ ื™"ื‘. ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืืš ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ืžืื•ื›ื–ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืชื•ืกื›ืœื™ื ืžืื™- ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžื’ืžื” ื›ื–ื•. (ื™ืฉื ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื”ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืžื’ืžืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช "ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ", ืืš ื”ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื). ืื™ ืœื›ืš, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืขืช ืฉื’ื ื ื•ืฉื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื™ืขืœื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื™ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉืคื” "ืœื—ืกื“ ืื• ืœืฉื‘ื˜", ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื – ื™ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืกืคืจ.(ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืงืžืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืฉื›ื ื™ื). ื”ืฉืืจืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืชื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคืจื™ืฉืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืœื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืฉืคื”! ย 

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช

ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš 8 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ (ืื‘"ื’) ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช: "ืžื™ืชื•ื’, ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ". ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืื•ืจื™ ืจื ืžื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืื‘"ื’, ืืช ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘"ืžื›ื” ืงื•ืœื”" ื•ื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืจืœื™ ืฉื›ื˜ืจ ืžื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืขื ื”ื™ืœืจื™ ืงื•ืคืจืžืŸ, ืžืกื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืืกื˜ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” (MAPMES), ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืกื™ื’ืจื™ืช "ืžืจืœื‘ื•ืจื•" ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืชื•ืจื›ื™ื”. ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื—ืฉืคื• ื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ (ืžื›ื” ืงื•ืœื”) ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืชื• ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ (ืกื™ื’ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืจืœื‘ื•ืจื•). ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ืจื™ื: ื. ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื•ืง, ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง (ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื™ืชื•ื’ ื•ืคืจืกื•ื) ื•ื”ืคืฆื”, ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื‘. ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืืœื” ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืื—ื“ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื•ืง. ืคืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ืืจื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชื•ื“ื” ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช (ืจื) ืœื–ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช (ืฉื›ื˜ืจ ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื), ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžื•ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ. ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื. ื ืฉืžื— ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžื›ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื”. ื‘. ืื ื ื”ืคื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื ื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืžื˜ืจืชื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื, ื’ื ืœื›ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืืชืจ, ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื. ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ืจื™ื (ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”). ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืจืœื™ ืฉื›ื˜ืจ

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”

ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ/ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช. ื’ืœื™ื” ื”ืฉืจื•ื ื™, ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืืกื˜ืจ ืฉืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”, ืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื’ื” ืงืฆืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืชื–ื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžื ื“ื˜. ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฆืจ ืžื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืžื—ืงืจ ื›ืžื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื.* ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืžื—ืžื•ื“ ื™ื–ื‘ืง ืžื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื” ื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1933-1948 ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืžื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืจืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”. ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ืžื•ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš, ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืคื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš). ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”, ื”ื”ืฉืœืžื”, ื•ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืขืœื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืคื” ื•ืคืชื—ื• ืฆื•ื”ืจ ืœื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ืชืจื ืœื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ (ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืจืฆื™ื ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช) ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื›ืื—ื“ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื—ื” "ืคืชื•ื—ื”" ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ. ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื. ืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืกื™ืœื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื™ืฉืžืฉื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ืื ื ืฆืจื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืกื™ืœื‘ื•ืกื™ื ืขื ืจืœื™ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืขื ื—ื’ื™. ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืืชืจ, ืœืžืฉืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื™ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื‘. ืื ื ื”ืคื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื ื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืžื˜ืจืชื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื, ื’ื ืœื›ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืืชืจ, ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื. ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ืจื™ื (ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”). ื’. ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื™ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื. ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืชืฆื ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. * ืจืื•:ย http://pluto.mscc.huji.ac.il/~msfalkin/pdfs/A07.06.pdf. ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื—ื’ื™ ืื˜ืงืกย ื•ืจืœื™ ืฉื›ื˜ืจ

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”

ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื ื›ื—ื• ื›ืขืฉืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื, ืžืจืฆื™ื ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช.ย "ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืขื’ื•ืœ" ืฉืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื“ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”. ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื“ืจืš ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืขืœืืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืืœื• ืœืืชืจ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืฉืœ ืืชืจ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ UC-Davis ื›ืžื•ื“ืœ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื‘ื ืง ื ืชื•ื ื™ื (ืจืื•ย http://gpih.ucdavis.edu). ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืขืœื• ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ืขืœื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื•ืจืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื™ื›ืชื‘ื• ืžืกืžืš ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืงืฆืจ ืฉื™ืชืืจ ืืช ืžื”ื•ืชื• ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื•. ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืขื’ื•ืœ ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืจืœื‘ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืงืจื™ืื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืชืจืžื• ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื’ื ืื•ืชื ื ืขืœื” ืœืืชืจ. ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื ืคืชื— ื‘ื”ืจืฆืืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืงืœืจ ืขืœ "ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืกื‘ืš ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื" ื•ื ืžืฉืš ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื’ื™ ืื˜ืงืก ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœืืคืฉืจ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™. ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื. ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืขืœ ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื ื•ืกืคืช (ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ ืื• ืžืจืฅ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”) ื•ืขืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืื ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื›ื ืก ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ืœืž"ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื. ื‘.ย ื ื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื—ื’ื™ ืื˜ืงืก ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืœืืชืจ ื•ืขื ืจืœื™ ืฉื›ื˜ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื. ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืืชืจ, ืœืžืฉืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื™ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื’.ย ื’ื™ื•ืก ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจ ื•ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืก ื–ื”. ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืขื™ืกื•ืงื ื”ื•ื ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ/ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ/ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื“.ย ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื: ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ืย  ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืœื™ื ื• ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื•ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืงืฆืจื” ื•ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืžื—ืงืจ. ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื—ื’ื™ ืื˜ืงืกย ื•ืจืœื™ ืฉื›ื˜ืจ

ื›ืคืจื™ื

ื›ืคืจื™ื ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืฆื™ื” ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืžื’'ืœืก ืœืœ-ื“ืขืื•ื ื•ืœืœ-ืžืฉื™ื—'ื” ื›ืคืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ื ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื—ืืจืืช, ื›ืคืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ืชืขืฉื™ื” ืžืกื—ืจ ืžืกื’ื“, ื’'ืืžืข, ื–ืื•ื™ื”, ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืกื’'ื“/ื’'ืืžืข ื–ื•ืื™ื ืžืฆ'ื™ืคื” ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ื•ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ ืื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ื—' ื”ื›ืคืจ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืขืžื“ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™- ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื•ืงืจืงืข ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืื” 18-19 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืจื—ืฅ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืืŸ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืกืขื“-ื—ืจืื/ืฆื•ืืžืขื” ื•ื ืืชื ื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื™ืœื™ืช โ€“ืžืฆืจื™ื ืชื—ืชื™ืช ย  ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืฆื™ื” ืžื“ื™ืจื™ืช ืžืจื™ื•ื˜ –ย VII 46(26-28) ืžื“ื™ืจื™ืช ืืœ-ืžื ื™ื ืืฉืžื•ื ื™ืŸย –ย VIII 75 (8-12) ืื˜ืคื™ื—-ย VIII 78(5) ื’'ืจื’'ื-ย ย XII 65(34-36); X 53(11-12), 54(1-4) ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืืกื™ื•ื˜-ย XI 3(12) ื“ืžื™ืื˜- ื“ืงื”ืœื™ื”ย XI 52 (30-32) ืข'ืจื‘ื™ื”- ืกืžื ื•ื“ ื•ืืœ-ืžื—ืœื” – ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืย –ย ย XII 47(30-32) ืฉืจืงื™ื”, ืข'ืจื‘ื™ื”, ืžื ื•ืคื™ื”:ย XIV 3(27), (32), 3-5 passim ืืงืืœื™ื ื•ืกื˜ื ื•ืงื‘ืœื™ื” –ย X 99 (8) ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืžื ื™ื- ื‘ื ื™ ืกื•ื™ืฃย XIV 76(4-5) ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืจืืก ืงืกืย XIV 119(23/4); XV 79(8-9) ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืžื•ื“ื™ืจื™ืชย ืžื ื•ืคื™ื”ย XVI 47(6-7) ืืœ-ื”ืœื”: ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื”ื˜ื ื•ื˜ืžืย XVII 20(28/9) ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื•ืื“ื™ ื—ืœืคืย XVII 38(3-4) ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื‘ืืœ-ื”ืœื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™ย XVII 22(2-10) ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื-ย X 65(19-20) , XI 2(8f), 7(1-3), 83(19-21) ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืขืจื™ ืฉื“ื” –ย XVI 88 (19-30); X 58(12-16) XI 52 (16-20); XI 93(13-18); XII 65(37)-66(1) ื“ื™ื•ืืŸ ืืœ-ืžื“ื™ืจื™ื”: ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื• โ€“ย XII 147(31-32); XIV 115(22/3) ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–-ย XI 94(35-36), XII 56(1), 118(36); XIV 48(8-9); XIV 54(2), 64(37)-65(1), 125 (29-30); XV 7(23-24), 18 (28-33); XVI 47 (11-16); XVI 65 (37)-66(1), 80(34-35); XVIIย 38(5-6) ืจืื™ืก ืžื’'ืœืก ืืœ-ืžืจื›ื–-ย XII 127(13-14) ืžืจื›ื– ืงืกื โ€“ ืžืจื›ื– ื—ืื›ื ืืœ-ื—ื˜, ื“ื™ื•ืืŸ ืงืกื –ย XIII 40 (24); XV 79(9); XVII 5(6) ืฆ'ื‘ื˜ื™ื” โ€“ย XII 47(33), 127(10); XII 2(6); XIV 64(37), 125(29)etc ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื™ื” (ื˜ื ื˜ื)ย XV 89(32-35), 95(3-8); XVI 47(13-15), 55(3-8); XIII 47 (15-18); XIV 115(22-23), 121(7-10) ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืืœ-ืžื—ืื›ื ืืœ-ืฉืจืขื™ื” ื‘ืืœ-ืข'ืจื‘ื™ื”: ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ืกืžื›ื•ืชย XV 18 (28-33) ืืœ-ืžื—ืื›ื ืืœ-ืฉืจืขื™ื” ื‘ืืœ-ื“ืงื”ืœื™ื”ย XV 89(33-35) ื‘ืืœ-ืžื ื•ืคื™ื”ย XVI 47(11-15) ื‘ืืœ-ืžื ื™ืย XVI 55(4-8) ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืจย I 86(22)-87(1) ืžื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื”, ื˜ืœื’ืจืฃย XV 5(11),(20/21) ืžื’'ืœืก ืœืœ-ื“ืขืื•ื ื•ืœืœ-ืžืฉื™ื—'ื” VIII 13(32), 26(4), (23), 95(23); IX 15(35), 78(5), 83(9); X 42(27-28), 43(27), 43(35), 95(22); XI 6(37), 94(35-36), 99(9); XII 57(28/9), 125(7), 127(7/8), 134(24); XIII 6(30), 7(1), 24(14), 26(34), 27(3-4), 28(15), 33(31/2), 61(14); XVI 48(9), 50 (12), 54(2), 99(1), 125(30); XV 7(16), 7(23/24), 45(23); XVI 60(11), 64(11) [79(13)], 80(34/5); XVII 28(37)-29(1); "ืืœ-ืžื’'ืœืก"ย XI 18(19) ืงืืฆ'ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ย XII 22(2-10) ืžื—ืื›ื ืฉืจืขื™ื”ย XVI 47(11) ื›ืคืจื™ื ื•ืขืจื™ ืฉื“ื”: ื•ื‘ื”ื ืงืืฆ'ื™ VIII 50(22); IX 37(33,36), 97(36); XI 14(14-15), 69(31); [XII 112(17)]; XIV 40(27/9); XIV 125(29-30) ืžื—ื›ืžื” ืฉืจืขื™ื” (ื—ืœื•ืงืชืŸ ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื) XI 2(8-11), 7(1-3); XI 18(19), 69(31/2), 83(19-21), 94(36); XII 47(33), 56(1), 118(36); XIV 65(1) ืžื—ืœ ืœื ืืื‘ ืืœ-ืงืืฆ'ื™ย XI 2(14-15); XIII 24(9) ืงืืฆ'ื™ ืฉืจืขื™ ื‘ื—'ืชื ืžืŸ ืืœ-ืžื™ืจื™ย XII 54(16) ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืืžืื, ื—'ื˜ื™ื‘, ืžืื–ื•ืŸ, ืงืืฆ'ื™ ื•ื›ื•' ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืชย IX 37(33-36) ืืžืืžื™ื ืืฆืœ ืืœ-ื”ืœื” ืžืฉืจืช ืžืฆ'ืื™ืคย XVII 25(18/22) ืงืืฆ'ื™ ื ื™ืื‘ื”ย XV 79(12)   ื›ืคืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ื ืืœ-ืื‘ืจืื”ื™ืžื™ื”: ืื ืฉื™ ืžื•ืจื™ืื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืข"ื™ ืื‘ืจืื”ื™ื ืคื—ื”ย VIII 13(22-34) ืื‘ืขืื“ื™ืืช: ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืจื”ย X 32(27-30) ื‘ื ื™ ืื‘ืื–ื” ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ืขืืื–ย XIV 5(6-7),(15-16),(18-19) ืขื–ื‘ืช ืฉืœืงืืŸ, ืขื–ื‘ืช ืืœ-ืžื ืืฉื โ€“ ืฆื‘ื ื‘ืจืื’' ื•ื›ื•'ย XIV 48(13)-49(10), 49(36)-50(4) ื‘ื ื™ืช ื›ืคืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืคื™ืง ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืกย XVII 17(8-9) ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืคืจ ืื—ืจย IX 37(30-33), 38(1-7), 43(24); XI 83(26-28) ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื›ืคืจ ืœืžื‘ืฆืจ (ืฉืœืงืืŸ)-ย XII 134(28-30) ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19, ื’ื•ืจืžื™ืย XIV 76(13-14) ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื›ืคืจื™ื โ€“ ืขืจื‘ย VIII 28(11f); X 52(26), 69(20-21);ย XII 144(34); XIII 7(4-7), 60(29); XIV 98(32/3), 99(6-10) ืชืžืกื› ื‘ืขื•ืืื“ ืืœ-ืขืจื‘ย IX 94(18) ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื›ืคืจื™ื โ€“ ืขืจื‘ (ื™ืกืืงื•ืŸ ืกื•ืง ืืœ-ืคืœืื—ื™ืŸ)ย XI 69(3), 70(4); XII 63(15); XVII 57(14); X 69(25) ืžืœืื‘ืก ืื”ืœื”ื ื›ืžืœืื‘ืก ืืœ-ืขืจื‘-ย X 84(22/3) ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืœืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ืขืจื‘ (ื•ืจืื” ืืœ-ื”ืœื”) (X 98(24f ืขืจื‘…ืื›ืช'ืจื”ื ืžืŸ ืืœ-ืขื‘ืื‘ื™ื“ย XI 2(2-3) ืขืจื‘- ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืขื ืขืจื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื“ ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™ย XI 99(11-12) ืขืจื‘ ืื•ืœืื“ ืื‘ื™ ืžื—ืจื•ืก ื‘ืกื•ื”ืื’'- ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ืย XII 69(19-26) ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆ' ืžื ืื–ืœื”ื ืžืฉื™ื“ ื›ืžื ืื–ืœ ืืœ-ื‘ื ืื“ืจ-ย XII 9(33-34) ื‘ืœื“ื” ื›ื‘ื™ืจื” ืœื”ื ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืืœ-ืžื“ืŸ-ย XII 18(36) ื‘ืœื“ื” ื›ื‘ื™ืจื” ื“'ืืช ืื‘ื ื™ื” ืืขืœื ืžืŸ ืื‘ื ื™ื” ืืœ-ืืจื™ืืฃ –ย XII 51(31) ืžื‘ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฉื™ื“ื” ื“'ืืช ืฉื‘ืื‘ื™ื› ื•ืžืœืืงืฃ ืœื”ื ืฉื‘ื” ืžื‘ืื ื™ ืืœ-ืื—ืฆืืจ-ย XII 54(16) ื“ื•ืจื”ื ….ืขืœื ื“ื•ืจ ื•ืื—ื“ ืข'ื™ืจ ืžืชืœืืฆืงื”-ย XII 133(24) ืฉื•ื‘ืจื ื‘ืœื•ืœื” ืืœ-ืžื ื•ืคื™ื”, ื•ื™ืชื‘ืขื”ื ืงืจื™ื” ืฆืข'ื™ืจื” ื™ืงืืœ ืœื”ื ื›ืคืจ ืฉื‘ืจื ื‘ืœื•ืœื”ย XII 116,117(2) ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœ-ื›ื•ื ื‘ืœื“ื” ื›ื‘ื™ืจื”-ย XII 147(19,32) ืงืจื™ื” ืžืชื•ืกื˜ื” –ย XII 115(7) ื‘ื ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”: ืื‘ื ื™ื” ืขื˜'ื™ืžื” ื‘ื—ืืจืืช ืžืขืชื“ืœื” ื•ืฉื•ืืจืข –ย XVII 17(8-9) ืกืงื•ืคื”ื ืžืŸ ื—'ืฉื‘ ืืœ-ื ื—ื™ืœ ื•ื’'ืจื™ื“ (ืฉืจืงื™ื”) โ€“ย XII 57(28); XIV 67(32) ื‘ืขืฆ' ืื”ืœื”ื ื™ืกื›ื ื•ืŸ ืืœ-ืื—'ืฆืืฆ ื•ืืœ-ื—'ื™ื•ืฉย XII 63(24) ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืจืงื™ื” ื•ืงื‘ืจื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœย XIII 63(17-20) ืื‘ื ื™ืชื”ื ื‘ืืœ-ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืคื™ื”ื ืข'ืจืฃ ืงืœื™ืœื”-ย XV 11(32) ืืœ-ื‘ืœืื“ ืืœืืชื™ ืืขืชื ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™ ื•ืื’'ืจื ืคื™ื”ื ืืœ-ืชื ื˜'ื™ื-ย XVII 4(36)-5(4) ืืขื˜'ื ืืœ-ืื‘ื ื™ื ืืœ-ืืจื™ืืฃ ื•ืฉื•ืืจืขื”ื ื•ื—ืืจืืชื”ื ืžืชืกืขื” ืœืื ื”ื ื›ืื ืช ืžืŸ ื‘ืœืื“ ืืœ-ืžืœืชื–ืžื™ืŸ-ย XVII 6(8-10) ื›ืคืจื™ื ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœืขืจื™ื ืกืžื ื•ื“, ืคืฉืŸ: ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจ –ย XII 46; XIV 76(11-13) ืฉื ื™ ื›ืคืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชืื—ื“ื• ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ื›ืคืจ ืื—ื“ย XII 125(4-5) ืฉืชื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืช โ€“XIII 27(24), 31(35), 33(13); XIV 52(27), 141(15-16); XV 7(10), 7(29), 35(12) ืžื ื–ืืœื”ื ืฆ'ื™ืงื” ืžืฉื—ื•ื ื” ื‘ืืœ-ืกื›ืืŸ-ย XVI 90(25-26) ื”ืกืงื” โ€“ ืฉืจืงื™ื”-ย XIII 63 ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ย  ื‘ืœื“ื” โ€“ย VIII 13(22), 15(17), 19(26), 26(37), 28(36), 78(5); IX 13(35); XVI 90(24); XVII 3 (7); XI 64(32), 94 (34); XII 6(28); 40(1), 46(22), 55(37); XIII 24(17); XIV 48(8), 54(12), 67(31), 100(14), 103(33), 119(21), 125(28), 140(29); XV 5(9), 14(34), 7(19), 38(13), 47(10); XVI 47(6), 65(39), 79(12) ื‘ืœื“ื” ื›ื‘ื™ืจื”-ย IX 14(7), 36(9), 78(13), 91(15); X 65(18-19); IX 94(4); XIV 63(32); IX 97(23); XI 6(36), 18(17); XII 18(36), 51(31), 147(19) ื‘ืœื™ื“ื” –ย XII 128(31); XIII 44(3), 60(14); VIII 59(26/7); XIV 104(4); XVI 67(5) ื›ืคืจ-ย VIII 13(29), 26(19), 86(29-31); IX 13(36), 87(5); X 21(22), 32(29); XII 6(23-24), 34(35), 57(27/9), 62(16-17), 114(14/15), 117(2), 122(20); XII 6 (37), 24(12), 31(15), 34(18); XIV 2(4),(6)f, 5(6/7), 6 (23/4), 51(3), 53(19-20), 64(35/36); XIV 67(35), 99(4-5), 100(16); XV 14(33/4), 38(18); XV 46(5), 46(18), 70(16); XVI 64(12), 81(23); XVII 7(3), 21(3), (5-6), 23(22/3), 23(25), 23(29), 57(12), 58(4) ื ื’'ืข-ย X 13(35), 99(9f); XI82(24); XIV 38(2); XIV 95(3); XVII 7(6), (13) ื ื–ืœื” –ย IX 7(19); XII 2(28)-3(1), 37(10), 69(19); XIII 40(31); XIV 53(20); XV 70(14), 93(34); XVII 7(13), 20(35/6), 56(12/13) ืงืจื™ื”-ย VIII 15(8), 17(32), 18(27), 21(35), 25(12), 26(1,5,27), 28(8), 33(8);ย [1]XV 68(32); 100(17); XV 7(9)[2]; XVII 6(7); XVII 56(11/2) ืงืจื™ื” ื›ื‘ื™ืจื”-ย VIII 73(19); XII 44(33), 45(1); XIV 64(37); XII 61(37) ืงืจื™ื” ืฆืข'ื™ืจื”ย XVI 82(8) ืžื ืฉืื”ย X69(14)[11]; XV 78ff ืขื–ื‘ื”-ย IX 30(14); X 58(4); XI 53(4), 82(10), (15); XII 112(24), 130(21); XIII 34(20), 41(2); XIV 4(36), 48(13-26), 49(36)-50(4), 93(22/3)[3]; XV 10(8), 12(25), 17(21), 34(22) ื ืื—ื™ื”-ย VIII 26(19); IX 30(29); X 54(16); XII 132(12-13), 133(4-6)f ื‘ื ื“ืจ-ย VIII 79(29) ; XII [9(33-34)!] ; XIII 59(33); XIV 76(11) ืงืฆื‘ื”-ย XII 103(3); XV 18(24) ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื‘ื™ืจื”-ย IX 92(16); XI 23(11); XIV 120(37)-121(1) ืžื“ื™ื ื” โ€“ย VIII 59(13), 72(1), 70(26), 76(31); XII 111(33); XIV 45(4), 75/6; XIV 134(18) ื‘ืœื“-ย VIII 35(3-4), 44(34) ื›ื•ืย XVย 12f ื›ืคืจ- ื ื’'ืขย X43 (34/5); 65(26) ื—ืฆื” โ€“ย XII 6(24) ื›ืจืกื™ย XII 111(33), 112(25/26) ืžืฉืข'ื•ืœ ืืœ-ืกื•ื (5,000), ืงืจื™ื”, ืžืฆืœื—ื” (3,000), ื‘ืœื“ื”ย XV 45 ืžื ืฉืื”:ย ืžืื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื”ย XV 79(1-2), ื”ื™ื•ื ืจืง ื ื‘ื“ื”-ื›ื•ื•ืคื”. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืืจื› ืžื‘ื™ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘-Dic Geg, ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืกืขื™ื“ย XV 87(37)-88(10) ืข'ื ื“ืืงย ย X 69(27),

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